PROJECT TITLE : A Wireless MEMS Instrument for Flow Measurements in Turbomachinery

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Nielsen Engineering & Research (NEAR) is proposing to develop a wireless, flow measurement system for application to turbomachinery testing. This novel system will integrate a variety of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based sensors, required signal conditioning electronics, memory, communications circuitry, and power onto a single, thin, flexible substrate.

High quality MEMS-based sensors are currently available for measuring quantities such as shear stress, flow direction, temperature, surface pressure, acceleration, and structural vibration. Data generated by an array of these sensors will be filtered, amplified, and digitized by onboard electronics and then either transmitted to a remote data acquisition computer while the test is in process, or stored in memory and downloaded once the run is complete. All of the components in the integrated system are on the order of 10-microns thick and thus can noninvasively quantify the boundary layer flow. Because the device eliminates the need for power and data transfer wires, it can be easily adhered to any fixed or rotating component within the machine under test.

During the Phase I effort, NEAR will investigate different design options and generate a specification document for the complete system. The Phase II program will focus on fabricating and testing an operational system.

The proposed system can be used for basic research and product development in any field where nonintrusive aerodynamic measurements are needed. This includes aeropropulsion systems development, airframe development, basic wind tunnel and flight test research, and automobile design.

Daniel A. Pruzan, Ph.D.
Nielsen Engineering & Research
526 Clyde Ave.
Mountain View, CA 94043

PROJECT TITLE : Visualization of High-NOx Regions in Combustors for Design Cycle Time Improvement

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A chemiluminescent tracer has been identified which is predicted to closely track the production rate of NO under gas turbine combustion conditions. It provides a unique, simple means of identifying and visualizing locations of high NO production and for providing an instantaneous indication of NOx formation rates in a model or full scale combustor. This diagnostic will aid the understanding of flow and mixing processes in aeropropulsion combustion systems and provide an easy means for refining combustor designs to minimize NOx production. This directly addresses the requirement of Topic 01.01 for novel measurement techniques that substantially reduce design cycle time and that measure the formation of gaseous emissions. The objectives are an experimental demonstration of the diagnostic in a simple turbulent jet diffusion flame, and development of a detailed mechanism for the chemiluminescence process, coupled with a diffusion flame model to verify similarity of boron chemiluminescence and NO production over a range of operating conditions applicable to aeropropulsion systems. Quantitative correlation of chemiluminescence with NO production level and spatially resolved intensity distribution will be demonstrated experimentally, and diagnostic utilization requirements under gas turbine conditions defined, including the definition of a high temperature viewing device. The proposed diagnostic will be highly effective in developing combustor technology to meet stringent NOx emission limits in the NASA HSCT and SASS programs.

Virtually all combustion systems are required to operate with limited NOx emission, resulting in extensive development of innovative low emission burners for the entire civil sector. The immediate chemiluminescence visualization applications include NOx formation measurement for decreased emission from aircraft and stationary gas turbines, as well as industrial and electric utility burners.

Kurt D. Annen
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica, MA 01821

Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica, MA 01821

PROJECT TITLE : Catalytic Combustor for Aeropropulsion Engines

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Considerable improvements in combustion efficiency, emissions reduction, and heat release rate, as well as elimination of pattern factor and utilization of low-grade fuels, can be achieved using catathermal, or catalytically enhanced (surface-catalyzed), combustion. The use of catalytic combustion allows combustion systems to operate at improved efficiencies outside conventional air/fuel mixture ratios and combustion temperatures, and can speed the combustion process, increasing heat release rates and allowing complete combustion to occur while minimizing detrimental byproducts such as CO and NOx. In this Phase I project, Ultramet proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of a catalytic combustion system constructed around a ceramic foam-supported platinum group metal/rare earth oxide catalyst system.

Subscale combustor performance and emissions will be characterized, and a catalyst/support system will be demonstrated that is structurally and thermally compatible with catalytic combustion systems, has sufficient life and temperature capabilities, and is immune to thermal poisoning effects.

A catalytic combustion system has applications for reducing pollution and increasing efficiency ranging from domestic heating to natural gas-powered pumps and turboelectric generators to efficient utilization of low-grade byproduct gases in the petrochemical, metals processing, and waste incineration industries.

In aerospace, commercial uses include the High Speed Civil Transport and future turbojet/turboshaft engines, while military uses include high-speed tactical missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and rotorcraft engines.

Andrew J. Sherman
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

PROJECT TITLE : Transonic Micro-Turbojet Propulsion System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

NASA currently has a need for an airbreathing propulsion system capable of providing advanced sub-scale demonstration aircraft with sufficient thrust to explore high-subsonic and transonic flight. SWB Turbines; with support from McDonnell Douglas Aerospace and Orbitec, proposes to develop a 70 lb. thrust micro-turbojet engine with integrated inlet and exhaust system capable of achieving transonic flight speeds. The transonic micro-turbojet propulsion system will include an enhanced-performance, growth-version of SWB Turbines' existing 35 lb thrust turbojet specifically configured for transonic applications.

This new engine will be installed in an integrated nacelle incorporating a 2-D ramped inlet, bypass/bleed system, and 2-D single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) with ejector. Advanced aircraft currently being investigated by NASA will be evaluated during the Phase I study to provide realistic size and performance objectives. The primary goal of the proposed Phase I effort will be to conduct a thorough technical analysis of this propulsion system to demonstrate the feasibility of propelling supersonic-capable, sub-scale aircraft to Mach 1.0 using a micro-turbojet engine. A combustor rig test will also be performed during Phase I to reduce program risk. Phase II will include fabrication, static testing, and flight testing of the propulsion system installed on a NASA sub-scale aircraft.

The transonic micro-turbojet propulsion system would be applicable to atmospheric/environmental research aircraft, glider boost power modules, refuse incineration power generators, and ground-mapping remotely piloted vehicles. Additional areas of use may include advanced cruise missiles, target drones, decoys and other Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's) currently under study in the Department of Defense.

Thomas J. Sierocuk
SWB Turbines
2418 Industrial Drive, Unit F
Neenah, WI 54956

SWB Turbines
2418 Industrial Drive, Unit F
Neenah, WI 54956

PROJECT TITLE : Design of a High Performance External-Compression Inlet for Cruise at Mach 2.4

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal identifies a revolutionary new supersonic cruise inlet. It introduces a unique "external-compression" inlet concept that provides very high performance at Mach 2.4. cruise conditions without the large cowl drags normally associated with external compression inlets. A viable external compression inlet offers increased safety by providing "unstart free" operation. Inlet unstart is a critical issue for the mixed-compression inlets that are currently being considered for high Mach number cruise aircraft. This proposal responds to the SBIR subtopic by proposing a new invention in inlet design that will enable the development of a commercial supersonic aircraft. The objective of the effort is to provide a preliminary aerodynamic design of the inlet, an initial conceptual layout of the inlet and a preliminary evaluation of the inlets aerodynamic characteristics. It is expected that this Phase I effort will identify a revolutionary new inlet that will be selected for both experimental and analytical validation in a follow-on SBIR Phase II. This revolutionary advance in inlet technology will enable the development of an efficient and safe propulsion system for a US supersonic transport (HSCT). This type of enabling technology is the goal of NASA's HSR program.

The commercial application of the proposed new inlet design is based on the expectation of achieving very high performance while maintaining low external cowl drag. External compression inlets inherently provide increases safety (unstart free) and offer reduced complexity and weight. The increased efficiency and versatility provided by the new inlet concept will enable the development of a propulsion system for a supersonic aircraft that offers increased range, payload/profit, and safety. Commercial applications include aircraft used for transportation of people and packages throughout the world.

City/State/Zip
Bobby W. Sanders
Techland Research
Box 605
North Olmsted, OH 44070

PROJECT TITLE : Adaptive Control of Air Turbo Ramjet

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Accurate Automation proposes to develop an innovative adaptive propulsion system controller for Air Turbo Ramjet (ATR) Engines. One such engine is the Japanese ATREX [Tanatsugu, Sato, et al., 1994]. This poses a unique configuration with heat exchangers ahead of and behind the compressor. A Neural Network Controller will provide the required precise regulation of engine operating parameters. The precise gain scheduling required would make a conventional control system design difficult and costly; time consuming empirical studies would be necessary. We propose a direct adaptive algorithm to maintain precise control during changes in Mach number, altitude, angle of attack, throttle setting, and in the presence of parameter uncertainties and unforeseen circumstances. We also propose to develop a preliminary design of an unmanned flying testbed based on the LoFLYTE waverider. It will feature an innovative flowpath which may be reconfigured to allow integration of a range of engine designs. It will have the potential for low cost demonstration of new engine developments.

The Neural Network Adaptive controller will advance the state of the art in propulsion system control and will ensure that the United States stays commercially competitive with other nations. This technology will be applicable to hypersonic aircraft, including cruise missiles, tactical aircraft, strategic aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft.

Lindley A. "Al" Carlton
Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421

Robert M. Pap
Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421

PROJECT TITLE : Near-IR Diode Laser Sensors for Combustor Emissions Monitoring and Control (7117-080)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop a compact, robust diode laser-based sensor for simultaneous measurements of CO, CO2, OH, H2O, and temperature in combustion gases. The sensor will use a custom-fabricated room-temperature diode laser operating near 1.575 æm in the near-IR and will join a suite of fiber-coupled sensors currently being developed and integrated with large scale combustor test facilities. Using previously demonstrated techniques, velocity, mass-flux, and momentum-flux capability will be included. The ultimate goal of this suite of sensors is the gasdynamic characterization of the inlet and exhaust flows of an aeropropulsion engine, allowing for real-time thrust determination and emissions control. In the Phase I portion of the program, surveys of the high temperature combustion gases will be conducted between 1.5 and 1.6 æm using a combination of FTIR, external-cavity diode laser, and distributed feedback diode laser. Two-line thermometry will be demonstrated on OH. These measurements will be used to determine the detection limits and accuracy of a prototype sensor configuration to be integrated with larger scale test facilities in the Phase II portion of the effort.

Significant commercial applications of the sensor suite for environmental, emissions, and process monitoring exists and have been realized through the development of a $7M commercial subsidiary. Direct commercial development of related sensors for aeropropulsion applications has already begun with AlliedSignal Engines and will continue in parallel through the Phase I and Phase II efforts. Discussions are continuing with Allison Engines Company and the Boeing Aircraft Company for further development. The proposed sensors will join this developing suite.

Dr. Mark G. Allen
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

PROJECT TITLE : Thick Intrinsic 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Silicon Carbide (SiC), with its wide bandgap, high breakdown field, and thermal conductivity, is an ideal material for high temperature and high power electronic devices. Commercially viable SiC devices require epitaxial growth processes that produce very smooth surface morphologies, low background impurity concentrations, polytype purity, and controlled, uniform, and reproducible layer thicknesses, n-type doping, and p-type doping. Current growth techniques suffer from process variabilities that make it difficult to reproducibly grow thick epitaxial layers with good surface morphologies and uniform background carrier concentrations, required for power devices. In Phase I we will develop, through careful process control and reactor technology, novel growth techniques that will greatly reduce the process variability in SiC CVD processes. The new growth techniques will permit reproducible growth of very thick, low background impurity epitaxial layers for high voltage devices. Undoped layers will first be examined, followed by initial intentional doping studies using the new techniques. In Phase II we will expand the technology to include the full range of intentional epilayer doping to form device structures, and the complete evaluation of high power devices. In Phase III we will commence commercialization of the epitaxial layers and devices generated by this process.

The development of a commercially viable, reproducible process for the growth of thick, lightly-doped SiC epitaxial layers will permit fabrication of devices for controlling power at levels unobtainable in any other commercial material system. These devices will be used in engine sensors and controls for automotive and jet engines, aerospace and advanced avionics systems, and electric cars.

Barbara Landini
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

PROJECT TITLE : Compressor Stall Warning System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Compression systems are subject to aerodynamic instabilities that limit the stable operating range of the compressor. Recent research have shown that the Hynes-Greitzer model accurately predicts the mass flow at which a compressor stalls, and that a traveling wave, predicted by the model, is present prior to stall. Currently no stall warning system is available and aircraft are being flown with an unnecessarily large margin of safety at the expense of lower efficiency. SSCI proposes a compressor stall warning system that combines existing flight data, a priori information, and the compressor map with the Hynes-Greitzer model to give a stall warning indicator whenever the compressor is approaching the stall point.

The objective of Phase I is to show that currently available flight data and a priori information are sufficient to provide a reliable stall indicator. The concept will be extended in Phase II to include measurements of flow perturbations. The addition of this instrumentation will allow monitoring of engine degradation with time and allow appropriate maintenance steps to be taken on a timely basis.

Prof. James D. Paduano from MIT, who has done pioneering work on control and identification of these fluid dynamic instabilities, will provide consulting support. A collaboration with the engine manufacturers will be developed in Phase II.

Both current and future commercial and military aircraft will benefit enormously from the proposed stall warning indicator as this would allow more efficient operation with smaller stall margins. The savings in cost and safety are enormous leading to a very high commercial potential for the proposed innovation.

Dr. Christiaan van Schalkwyk
Scientific Systems Company, Inc.
500 West Cummings Park Suite 3000
Woburn, MA 01801

Scientific Systems Company, Inc.
500 West Cummings Park Suite 3000
Woburn, MA 01801

PROJECT TITLE : MONTE CARLO MODELING OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGY DURING SiC FILM GROWTH

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The technological usefulness of a material is determined in part by the compositional and morphological uniformity attained during growth. When films are deposited on a surface, the resulting morphology can change drastically depending on the operating parameters of the reactor and the preparation of the surface to be altered. Although the resulting morphologies give insight as to how the materials grow or are etched, in many instances the exact mechanism or reaction pathways by which the resulting film is achieved is not fully understood.

In the Phase I study, a Monte Carlo (MC) model will be developed to better understand the mechanisms, reaction pathways and the resultant surface morphology during SiC growth. The MC model will be developed to include n- nearest neighbor scope, surface energy, and improvements in the adatom movement algorithm. The new adatom movement algorithm will take into account the temperature effect on residence time, the surface energy, awareness of empty space in the lattice, and identity of adsorbed adatom and lattice atoms.

The modified model will elucidate how the operating temperature, atom face (Si or C), and wafer polytypes affect film morphology. Step bunching during step flow growth will also be explored. In Phase II the MC model will be extended to allow for variation of bond direction and have a more general treatment of polytype in the lattice data structure. These improvements will allow for the study of 3C-inclusions and impediments to step-flow growth such as growth pits, dislocations, micropipes, and dislocation loops.

This project will produce a model that will help identify microscopic and acroscopic conditions necessary for obtaining desired SiC morphologies and composition. This computational tool will be valuable in designing processing conditions for the production of high quality SiC films for applications in areas such as high temperature devices.

Dr. P. J. Stout
CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

Dr. P. J. Stout
CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

PROJECT TITLE : Novel Pulse-Burst Laser System for Imaging Diagnostics in High Speed Combustion Flows

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

NASA has identified a need for new non-intrusive measurement systems capable of obtaining global scalar and vector data in high-speed combustion flow fields. This proposal, prepared in collaboration with Dr. Walter Lempert and Professor Richard Miles of Princeton University, offers an innovative, 1 MHz repetition rate, high-power, pulse-burst laser system designed to be a flexible optical source for a wide variety of quantitative optical diagnostic techniques. The key innovation is a novel pulse-burst master oscillator for the amplifier chain. This source will be capable of generating a burst of 1 to ~100 near transform-limited `seed' pulses, with the ability to decrease the inter-pulse period to as short as 1æs and to vary pulse widths continuously from a few hundred picoseconds to ~10ns. Individual amplified pulse energies will be ~10-100mJ, depending on the number of pulses per burst. This flexibility will allow access to a wide range of flow sampling rates and pulse intensities.

Phase I will prove the feasibility of the proposed concept by demonstrating MHz repetition rate Spectrally Filtered Rayleigh/Mie planar imaging in supersonic flow. Phase II will then develop a self-contained, `turn-key' flow diagnostics system and explore developing the master oscillator as a compact, relatively inexpensive short pulse 1æm source for seeding regenerative amplifiers (including those manufactured by Positive Light).

The MHz repetition rate and wide pulse width range offered by the proposed system will provide the flexibility to perform a wide variety of modern optical diagnostic techniques (such as Rayleigh and Raman imaging and laser-induced fluorescence) with previously unattainable temporal resolution. Commercial applications include structural evaluation of machinery and jet engine acoustic noise reduction. During Phase II we will also explore developing the gain switched diode master oscillator as a compact source of low power, subnanosecond 1064nm pulses. Such a device will find a ready route to market as a seed source for Positive Light's existing series of Nd:YAG regenerative amplifiers, and would prove attractive as a cheaper alternative to currently available diode-pumped CW mode locked Nd:YAG lasers.

Dr Leigh Bromley
Research Scientist
POSITIVE LIGHT, INC.
103 Cooper Ct
Los Gatos, CA 95030

POSITIVE LIGHT, INC.
103 Cooper Ct
Los Gatos, CA 95030

PROJECT TITLE : Computation of Generation and Convection of Aircraft Vortices

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A new numerical algorithm, ``Vorticity Confinement,'' is proposed to accurately and economically compute vortices produced by aircraft. Completely Eulerian, the method involves the addition of a self-interaction term to the discretized equations which depends only on the local computed velocity. This term eliminates numerical diffusion and prevents concentrated vortices from spreading due to numerical discretization error. Only 2-3 grid cells are required to resolve the vortices. Vorticity Confinement thus combines the generality and ease of use of Eulerian fixed-grid methods with the efficiency of Langrangian methods for treating concentrated, convecting, and possibly merging vortices. The specific application to be addressed in Phase I is the computation of the flow around aircraft including generated vortex wakes as well as their long term convection in a variety of configurations including cruise and high lift. Currently, full-featured 3-D codes designed to compute the evolution of trailing vorticity in realistic atmospheric conditions, including ground effect, have no satisfactory method of obtaining good starting conditions. Computations using Vorticity Confinement will solve this problem by accurately and efficiently computing the generation and convection of trailing vorticity up to $\sim40$ spans downstream of the aircraft.

The innovative usage of the method will benefit, not only to the present developing comprehensive code, but also to existed computer codes and tools to make them more versatile and efficient. The robust and routine use of the Vorticity Confinement method will enable rotorcraft companies to design more efficient, less costly rotorcraft. It also allows the propeller-driven aircraft, wind mill, sail boat, and automobile industries to be more competitive.

Yonghu Wenren
Flow Analysis, Inc.
1601, Damron Rd., Estill Springs, TN 37330

Flow Analysis, Inc.
256, 93rd St., Brooklyn, NY 11209-6806

PROJECT TITLE : Seven-Sensor Probes for Dusty and/or Compressible Flows

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Five-hole or seven-hole probes are impact probes which have been employed in the past to measure flow velocity and direction in aerodynamic applications. These probes are inexpensive, reliable, easy to use and return three components of the velocity as well as static and dynamic pressure. A variety of tip shapes has been employed, like conical or spherical but so far, no serious effort has been made to carry out a comprehensive comparison of their performance. Moreover, very little is known about the Reynolds-number and Mach-number effects on the calibration of these probes. Some modifications of the design are also needed, namely incorporating temperature sensors at the tip to allow simultaneous temperature measurements and also mounting miniature pressure transducers at the tip to increase the frequency response. An artificial neural network developed with NASA LaRC support will be modified and a subsonic/supersonic continuous flow tunnel will be equipped with calibration hardware to extend the calibration range to high Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers.

Aeroprobe Corporation manufactures a variety of probe sizes and configurations and markets such multi-hole probes as well as the peripherals necessary for stand-alone systems. The peripherals include, but are not limited to, traversing scales, automatic calibration units, data acquisition boards and software. Such systems have been employed in wind tunnel testing, mostly related to problems in aeronautics. The proposed work will document carefully the performance of different designs. It will also help in the design and calibration of probes that could be used in a variety of applications, thus expanding the markets of the company.

Matthew D. Zeiger,
Aeroprobe Corp.,
3138 Indian Meadow Dr.,
Blacksburg, VA 24060

PROJECT TITLE : A Graphical Interface Toolkit for Network Based CFD

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The value of graphical user interfaces has been recognized by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) community, and most commercial CFD programs are supplied with a GUI. The complexity of CFD programs, however, makes GUI development impractical in academic and research and development environments. The value of GUIs in such environments motivates the development of a simple programmer's user interface toolkit, with which researchers and beginning CFD students can add GUIs to example or research codes in order to interactively control the execution of these codes, and observe solutions as they are calculated, even if the CFD codes are running on remote machines.

Amtec proposes to develop a FORTRAN-callable user interface toolkit, initially consisting of only five subroutines, which, in combination with Tecplot and existing Unix libraries, will enable network-based interactive control of a CFD program, "on-the-fly" changing of program parameters (such as time step), and the full feature set of Tecplot to examine solutions as they are calculated.

The proposed toolkit will substantially aid both instructors and researchers by allowing much greater interaction with and control over their CFD codes. It will be marketable to academic markets, as well as to government and private research labs as an addition to Tecplot, Amtec's graphical post-processing program.

David E. Taflin
Amtec Engineering, Inc.
PO Box 3633
Bellevue, WA 98009-3633

Amtec Engineering, Inc.
PO Box 3633
Bellevue, WA 98009-3633

PROJECT TITLE : On-Line Identification of Unsteady Viscous Effects for Flow Modeling and Control.

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Micro-thin smart-sensor arrays and multi-channel Constant Voltage Anemometer (CVA) instrumentation system will be integrated with hybrid digital signal processing (DSP) techniques to obtain quantitative characterization of viscous flow phenomena. The proposed innovation will be the first quantitative unsteady aerodynamic diagnostics system (QUADS) for simultaneous on-line identification of attachment line, flow reversal, separation and boundary-layer transition. Wind-tunnel tests will be conducted in Phase I to quantitatively characterize unsteady viscous flow phenomena on a flat plate with unsteady separation, and on pitching and oscillating cylinder and airfoil models using measured signal RMS, intermittency, mean output voltage and correlation coefficients. Hybrid DSP techniques incorporating higher-order statistical moments, wavelets transforms, and neural networks will be developed in Phase II. QUADS will be a highly productive and accurate tool for creating bench-mark experimental data for transition and turbulence modeling, CFD code validation testing, development of accurate mathematical modeling of unsteady aerodynamics, evaluation of new design configurations, as well as for routine wind-tunnel testing of complete aircraft and their components in steady and unsteady motion. QUADS has the potential to revolutionize active flow control technology and the applications include separation control, buffet control, high-lift augmentation, and viscous drag reduction.

QUADS has the potential to revolutionize active flow control technology including separation control, buffet control, high-lift augmentation, and drag reduction. QUADS will be a useful tool for CFD code validation, transition and turbulence modeling, evaluation of new design configurations, and routine wind tunnel testing of complete aircraft and their components, encompassing the entire spectrum of viscous flows encountered by subsonic-to-supersonic aircraft

Siva M. Mangalam
Tao of Systems Integration, Inc.
22 Enterprise Parkway, Suite 150
Hampton, VA 23666

Tao of Systems Integration, Inc.
22 Enterprise Parkway, Suite 150
Hampton, VA 23666

PROJECT TITLE : A New Approach to Turbulence Modeling

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Turbulence is a crucial component of viscous flow computations. In this work a novel approach to turbulence modeling is proposed which has a complexity and computational cost comparable to two-equation models, while at the same time having a much greater predictive capability and accuracy associated with Reynolds stress transport equation models. The model is constructed by using a mathematical transformation to reduce the tensor Reynolds stress transport equations to a vector system of equations. Besides computational efficiency, the proposed model is significantly easier to implement in numerical schemes which employ unstructured or curvilinear meshes. It is superior to standard two-equation models because it captures more of the turbulent physics, and also because additional physical effects (heat transfer, chemical reactions, sprays, etc.,) can be included in a straightforward manner. A numerical algorithm will be developed to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this model. The model will be tested and tuned using a variety of standard benchmark turbulent flows, and it is anticipated that preliminary results from this model will demonstrate the superior predictive capabilities of the model. The accuracy and reduced cost of this turbulence model will significantly enhance NASA's ability to predict complex turbulent flows.

This turbulence model will be sold as an add-on (black-box) enhancement to existing commercial CFD codes, and is expected to significantly enhance the sales of the company's internal CFD code, currently under development.

J. Blair Perot,
Aquasions Inc.,
190 South Road,
Canaan NH 03741

J. Blair Perot,
Aquasions Inc.,
190 South Road,
Canaan NH 03741

PROJECT TITLE : Implicit Pressure and Density Based Solution Methodologies for All Speed Flows on Distributed Memory Machines

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This SBIR Phase I project proposes to develop two all speed flow solution methodologies for adaptive Cartesian/prism grids, with parallel implementation on distributed memory machines. The first methodology will be pressure-based and will employ a fully implicit SIMPLE-like approach based on cell-wise least squares linear reconstruction and a Conjugate Gradient Squared (CGS) linear equation solver preconditioned with Incomplete LU factorization (ILU). The governing equations will be solved in a segregated (sequential) manner. The second methodology will be a density-based solution approach with a new flux-splitting scheme (FUSS), applicable to all speed flows. The same linear reconstruction scheme and preconditioned CGS solver will be employed. However the governing equations will be solved in a coupled manner. Both methodologies will be implemented on distributed memory machines based on domain decomposition. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) will be employed to provide data communication.

Several representative test cases will be simulated to evaluate efficiency, robustness and convergence properties of both methods. The parallel performances of both methods will be evaluated on an IBM SP2 and a cluster of SGI workstations.

In Phase II the selected method(s) will be implemented and evaluated for 3D problems on distributed memory machines.

The developed all speed flow solvers along with their parallel implementation will provide an efficient tool for CFD simulations for design purposes. An all speed flow solver capable of tackling flow from incompressible to hypersonic speeds will have wide applications in many distinct industries such as material processing, electronic packaging, automobile, as well as aerospace.

Z.J. Wang
CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

Z.J. Wang
CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

PROJECT TITLE : A Novel Computational Tool for Hypersonic Transition Prediction

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Laminar to turbulent transition phenomenon in hypersonic flows remains poorly understood although it has a profound impact on the thermal protection system weight, vehicle drag and air-breathing engine performance. Transition location uncertainty forces designers to be conservative by adding weight and reducing thrust. Accurate prediction techniques are in dyer need. Here, we propose to develop a transition prediction tool based on an innovative Navier-Stokes solver. The resulting code is computationally efficient and can be used to study the receptivity and disturbance growth without the restriction of slowly varying mean flows. The low streamwise resolution requirement in the proposed approach is made possible by a transformation which not only improves the accuracy but also helps in imposition of the outflow boundary conditions. The proposed tool can be used for studying various instability problems of relevance in supersonic and hypersonic flows such as blunt body flow and flow past a corner. This project will result in a reliable tool for prediction of transition for hypersonic vehicles.

Transition location affects thermal protection system weight, vehicle drag and air-breathing engine performance. The proposed project will be a major step towards developing reliable techniques for hypersonic transition prediction. Therefore, the code will be of interest to aerospace companies. Since NASA is also involved in designing hypersonic vehicles, the developed code will also be of interest to NASA.

Dr. Mujeeb R. Malik
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

PROJECT TITLE : Pulse Detonation Engines for High Mach Number Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

APRI has previously been involved in the development of Pulse Detonation Engines for subsonic propulsion applications and is interested in applications of these engines to combined-cycle systems for hypersonic airbreathing propulsion.

In these systems, the critical characteristic of PDE operation is the upper speed limit that is determined by thermal and/or chemical kinetic considerations.

Pulse Detonation Engines operate in a cyclic manner that requires filling the engine with detonable mixture, initiating a detonation, and allowing blowdown of the high pressure engine. The filling must occur without bulk chemical reaction.

However, at some inlet Mach number, the temperature of the air coming into the PDE will be high enough that reaction will occur before the desired time in the PDE cycle. With appropriate valve timing and engine cooling, the upper limit of the inlet Mach number may be increased. Thus, the focus of the proposed work is to develop cooling and valve technology required to maximize this upper Mach limit. This represents a unique opportunity to develop the critical technology required to transform the PDE into a device that can serve as an element of hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems.

APRI intends to apply this technology to the development of supersonic target drones. With success on these systems, application to the replacement of other ramjet-based systems such as turboramjet, air-turbo-ramjet, and ram/scramjet engines is anticipated.

Dr. James D. Sterling
Advanced Projects Research, Incorporated
1925 McKinley Avenue, Suite B
LaVerne, CA 91750

Advanced Projects Research, Incorporated
1925 McKinley Avenue, Suite B
LaVerne, CA 91750

PROJECT TITLE : A Stand-Alone Sensitivity Solver for Hypersonic Design Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Recent advancements in both computational efficiency and physical-modeling capabilities have increased the utility of computational fluid dynamics in the hypersonic, vehicle-design process. However, beyond knowing the aerodynamic characteristics of a fixed configuration, the vehicle designer is interested in how to change the design to improve the system's performance. Recent research into the sensitivity-equation (SE) approach has demonstrated the ability to efficiently determine sensitivity derivatives in the framework of a high-order aerodynamic analysis. AeroSoft, Inc. as a small-business concern, proposes to provide a stand-alone software package which solves the valuable and insightful sensitivity equations and couples with any CFD flow solver. Building on past research, the objectives are to improve the sensitivity field at boundaries, incorporate viscous effects, derive the sensitivity equations for the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and develop models applicable to turbulent flows. The main goal of the sensitivity package is to support NASA's interests in hypersonic flight and air-breathing propulsion systems by providing engineers with a useful tool for aerodynamic optimization, parametric guidance of complex flows, and approximation to near-by flows.

Military, commercial and general-aviation aircraft companies may acquire a missing tool for design of aerodynamic systems at all operational speeds - from high-lift approach to hypersonic re-entry. The software will lead to technological progress, economic growth and new jobs.

Andrew G. Godfrey, Senior Research Scientist
AeroSoft, Inc.
1872 Pratt Drive, Suite 1275
Blacksburg, VA 24060-6363

AeroSoft, Inc.,
1872 Pratt Drive,
Suite 1275,
Blacksburg, VA 24060-6363

PROJECT TITLE : Boundary and Finite Element Methods for the Application of Nearfield Acoustical Holography

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

It is proposed to develop the first commercial code for the application of Nearfield Acoustical Holography (NAH) to arbitrarily shaped interior and exterior spaces. NAH is a powerful noise control tool that allows sound fields to be visualized in three dimensions based on sound pressure or surface velocity measurements over two-dimensional surfaces. To-date, however, NAH has been applied commercially only in planar geometries and based solely on sound pressure measurements. If NAH is to be used to visualize sound radiation into aircraft interiors, or from the casings of aero engines, for example, holographic procedures must accommodate arbitrary geometries. Here, it is proposed to use boundary and finite element techniques to perform the NAH sound field projections in arbitrarily shaped spaces. A feature of the proposed work that will enhance its practicality is the allowance for mixed inputs to the holographic process: i.e., either sound pressures, surface velocities or a combination of the two. Another important feature of the present approach is that it makes use of the same codes that are now used for acoustical prediction and optimization. Thus, the result of this project will be an integrated tool for acoustical design, optimization and experimental analysis.

The Boundary Element Method implementation of Nearfield Acoustical Holography will extend the capabilities of our current Boundary and Finite Element program, COMET/Acoustics. This research will lead to a product that will enhance coupling between numerical and experimental methods and will bring the first commercial implementation of Nearfield Acoustic Holography to the aerospace, defense and automotive industries.

Bryce Gardner
Automated Analysis Corporation
2805 S. Industrial Hwt., Suite 100
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-6791

Automated Analysis Corporation
2805 S. Industrial Hwt., Suite 100
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-6791

PROJECT TITLE : Turbulence Modeling Framework for Analysis of Subsonic/Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction Concepts

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A primary limitation in our ability to analyze jet noise reduction concepts stems from deficiencies in the turbulence models utilized. >From a practical viewpoint, a simple two-equation model framework (e.g. ke) is desirable, yet it requires corrections (compressibility, vortex-stretching, etc.) whose unification is complex. More advanced models (non-linear ke, algebraic or full Reynolds-stress) have not yet demonstrated invariance for building-block unit problems forming the basis for the analysis of jet noise reduction flowfields. This proposed research program establishes an overall framework for practical turbulence model utilization based on detailed and systematic data comparisons. It provides the means to evaluate new/advanced turbulence models in an efficient and organized manner so that deficiencies can quickly be identified. This effort involves organization of jet data into building-block format, construction of a hierarchy of jet turbulence research computer codes (asymptotic, parabolic, PNS, RNS, LES), inclusion of varied turbulence models into these codes, and, establishment of procedures for selection of "best available" turbulence modeling frameworks for analysis of specific jet noise reduction concepts. The overall approach is a dynamic one and as more data and/or advanced models become available, improved frameworks will become available.

The proposed research supports commercial applications to noise reduction concepts now being investigated under the HSR and AST programs. It also supports other commercial activities of airframes and engine companies related to the design of next-generation aircraft and propulsive systems, which require utilization of improved turbulence models emphasizing aeropropulsive flowfields which influence jet noise emission.

Combustion Research and Flow Technology, Inc.
174 North Main Street, Building 3
P.O. Box 1150
Dublin, PA 18917

PROJECT TITLE : Closed Loop Flow Control System for Improved High Angle-of-Attack Maneuverability (7117-070)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A program for the development of a closed-loop system for controlling transient separation and unsteady lift during high angle-of-attack maneuvers is proposed. The system utilizes an array of pulsed jet actuators near the airfoil leading edge. The control system will be developed and tested on a swept-wing model mounted in a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel at Physical Sciences Inc. The ability to control dynamic lift characteristics of a pitching wing will be evaluated in open-loop experiments. Surface pressure profile histories will be measured using conditional sampling and evaluated to identify appropriate control sensor positions. A closed-loop controller will be implemented on a high-speed digital signal processor and evaluated on-line for its ability to maximize unsteady lift during pitch-up. The experimental results will be used as guidelines for the design of a Phase II prototype control system for large-scale testing at flight conditions.

The development of a closed-loop system for controlling unsteady lift at high angle-of-attack will lead to improved performance and maneuverability for advanced aircraft. In addition, the control system could be used for controlling dynamic stall on helicopter rotors. It is anticipated that both commercial and military aircraft would benefit from an active control system for lift control due to its potential impact on improving lift/drag ratios and avoiding stall.

Dr. Keith R. McManus
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

PROJECT TITLE : Stereo-Imaging of Flow-Field Phenomena

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The development of future generations of high speed rotorcraft will require improvements in the understanding of basic flow-field phenomena and in the understanding and modeling of rotorcraft aerodynamics, dynamics, and acoustics. Optical images, such as shadowgraphs and schlieren, of three-dimensional (3-D) flow-field phenomena will be used to enhance this understanding and to validate design tools, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. The proposed innovation is a turn-key system that combines image acquisition, image processing, and stereo-optic transformations. This system will identify and locate flow-field phenomena in 2-D images and transform image measurements to 3-D positions and orientations. It will have an interactive environment that guides the user through the selection and implementation of various system tools.

This interactive environment will make extensive use of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI's) designed to facilitate training and ensure user friendliness.

A turn-key system for acquiring flow-field images, identifying flow-field phenomena in the images, and determining their location in 3-D space can be used for any flow-visualization study in air and/or water. Furthermore, the algorithms for tracing lines and transforming line measurements to 3-D coordinateshave other commercial applications in, for example, the medical and security industries.

Dr. Leslie A. Yates, Vice President
AerospaceComputing, Inc.
4906 El Camino Real, Suite 107
Los Altos, CA 94022

AerospaceComputing, Inc.
4906 El Camino Real, Suite 107
Los Altos, CA 94022

PROJECT TITLE : Design and Assessment Tool for Smart Rotor Active Control

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The final Phase II product of the proposed effort will be an experimentally validated methodology and associated tools for active control design for smart rotor helicopters. The focus will be on the trailing-edge flap as the candidate additional control surface, and the Phase I study will assess its potential for noise and vibration reduction and handling qualities improvement. The key innovation is the use of robust control design methods which allow control design to proceed even when there is uncertainty about the mechanism used to actuate the flap. The flap position and size will be optimized simultaneously with the control design.

The analysis will consist of a preliminary helicopter model and an implicit inclusion of noise considerations in Phase I, but will be replaced with a more sophisticated model including improved noise modeling in Phase II. Finally, control strategies and laws developed will be validated with a rotor test in Phase II. The results of this test will be used to refine the analysis and a final product consisting of a complete set of robust smart rotor design and analysis tools will be delivered.

The final Phase II product of this effort will be a validated tool for the evaluation and design of smart rotor control concepts in a comprehensive flight dynamics setting. This tool will aid current efforts to use smart structures technology in the U.S. rotorcraft industry in order to gain a competitive advantage in the global helicopter market. The unique combination of software backed by actual rotor tests will lead to a high degree of confidence in the results of such a tool.

Vineet Sahasrabudhe
Systems Technology, Inc.
13766 S. Hawthorne Blvd.
Hawthorne, CA 90250-7083

Systems Technology, Inc.
13766 S. Hawthorne Blvd.
Hawthorne, CA 90250-7083

PROJECT TITLE : Multipurpose Advance Tilt Rotor Control System Design using Model Predictive Control

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The design of control systems for advanced tilt rotor aircraft can be divided into two major areas: the first, and by far the most important, is the stability and control of the aircraft including the rigid blade behavior of the two rotor systems; and the second concerns the fuselage vibrations over the flight envelop. The primary focus of Phase I investigation is to demonstrate the feasibility of designing a robust flight control system for the rigid body modes using Model Predictive Control (MPC) design approach. Phase II effort will extend this approach to fuselage vibration control using transfer functions at rotor blade harmonics. Over the last two decades starting with the pioneering work of Richalet et. al (1976) in France and Culter et. al (1980) in USA, great progress has been made in the development of Model Predictive Control (MPC) methods for optimal control of nonlinear uncertain dynamic systems under hard constraints on inputs and outputs.

Applications of MPC to aerospace and defense problems were pioneered by Scientific Systems and are receiving increasing attention with the availability of low cost high speed chips and processors (Mehra et. al (1977, 1980)). Phase I will involve the following specific tasks: Task 1: Acquisition of math models, real time simulation and control requirements from BHTI. Task 2: Design and development of a Model Predictive controller (MPC). Task 3: MPC Controller tuning and testing. Task 4: Hardware/Software Implementation Requirements. Task 5: Reports, meetings and Phase II Recommendations.

MPC methodology is very general and is finding increasing applications in all areas of control. Commercial applications of MPC exist in chemical, automotive, power generation, pulp and paper, manufacturing and metal processing industries.

Dr. Raman K. Mehra
Scientific Systems Company, Inc.
500 West Cummings Park Suite 3000
Woburn, MA 01801

Scientific Systems Company, Inc.
500 West Cummings Park Suite 3000
Woburn, MA 01801

PROJECT TITLE : Optical Monitor for Combustion Efficiencies in SCRAMJET Pulse Facilities (7117-160)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Continued development of SCRAMJET engines requires in-situ measurements of combustion efficiency. Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop a compact, non-intrusive optical instrument to detect spatially distributed H2O concentrations and temperatures at the combustor exit, thereby providing determinations of the combustion efficiency as limited by mixing and chemistry. The instrument detects the infrared thermal emission from H2O and measures the concentration and exhaust temperature at the combustor exit plane. The instrument would use thermoelectrically cooled detectors which are suitable for field deployment or integration into a flight instrument. In addition, the measurement would be designed to be compatible with particulate laden flows such as are common in high enthalpy pulsed facilities. Phase I will demonstrate the concept and Phase II would develop and produce a deliverable instrument.

The proposed R&D will produce a combustion effluent diagnostic instrument with a variety of commercial applications and demonstrate and validate technology for future commercial diagnostic and testing services.

Dr. W. Terry Rawlins
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

PROJECT TITLE : : Sol-Gel-Derived Pressure-Sensitive Coatings for Cryogenic-Wind- Tunnel Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed SBIR research targets the development and application of advanced optical-based pressure instrumentation for cryogenic aerodynamic flows. Sol-gel-derived pressure-sensitive coatings suitable for low-temperature wind-tunnel applications will be designed for the measurement of both static and transient unsteady aerodynamic flows. This noninvasive, optical measurement is based on the quenching of luminescent molecules dispersed within a sol-gel-derived glass matrix. A deposition technique that allows the formation of thin, uniform films has recently been developed and has been shown to produce robust composite coatings characterized by: 1) tunable pressure sensitivity, 2) molecular-scale (< 100 nm) surface roughness, and 3) fast (sub-ms) temporal response. In addition, these composites exhibit both high- and low-temperature stability and, thus, find application in extreme-temperature environments. Existing and innovative technologies will be used in concert to provide two powerful tools for the NASA wind-tunnel mission: 1) an optical-based instrument capable of accurate surface-pressure and -temperature measurements and 2) protocols for the production of coatings optimized for performance within predetermined test conditions.

The ultimate goal of this SBIR effort is the development of a commercially available, non-intrusive, optical-based pressure instrument which can be used to investigate the flow conditions of interest in ground testing of aircraft and their components. This program will greatly benefit both the commercial and the military aircraft industries in the United States as well as the automotive and architectural industries.

Larry P. Goss, Ph.D.
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
3845 Woodhurst Ct.
Beavercreek, OH 45430

Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
3845 Woodhurst Ct.
Beavercreek, OH 45430

PROJECT TITLE : : Surface Pressure Measurements Without Wind-Off Correction

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Dakota Technologies, Inc. (DTI) proposes an innovative technique to measure luminescence lifetime images on test bodies in wind tunnels. The determination of surface pressures via pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technology will be improved and simplified. Incorporation of electro-optic shutters into the apparatus will provide the essential time-domain information at a fraction of the cost associated with pulsed excitation sources and intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. There will no longer be a need for the "wind-off" measurement and accompanying extensive calculations to account for model movement and distortion between the "wind-on" and "wind-off" conditions. The effects that non-uniform illumination of the body under test, response variation across the detector array, photodegradation of the paint, and surface contamination by oil and dirt, have on the results will be minimized. The new instrumentation maintains compatability with the NASA-Langley approach to an internal reference luminophore. The most important Phase I technical objective is to demonstrate that luminescence lifetimes in the appropriate range for pressure sensitive paints can be measured precisely and accurately with the new instrumentation. Data processing algorithms will be written and tested to meet this objective.

Success in eliminating wind-off correction will clear the way for standard instrumentation in all wind tunnels. The defense-related applications fall into three categories: 1) aircraft models; 2) turbines and rotors; 3) missiles and ballistic objects. Aside from obvious civilian aviation applications, there is an extremely wide range of potential commercial uses, the automotive industry being one of the most important.

Gregory D. Gillispie
Dakota Technologies, Inc.
2201A 12th Street North
Fargo, ND 58102

Dakota Technologies, Inc.
2201A 12th Street North
Fargo, ND 58102

PROJECT TITLE : Non-intrusive skin-friction interferometer

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A new fiber-optic device with non-moving parts capable of time-dependent single-point skin-friction measurements in subsonic/supersonic flow ranges and in separated/unseparated, steady/unsteady flow regimes is proposed. The device is low cost, very high resolution, interferometric (non-intrusive) and miniature (2.5"x2.25"x0.5"). The device needs calibration only once in its lifetime, and it can be used in cramped, highly vibrational environments due to its compact size and non-moving-parts design. The unique design of the device ensures that only a small portion of the device is in contact with high/low temperature environments which makes the device easily accommodating to different flow environments. The device generates linearly varying interference fringes perpendicular to the measurement surface within the sublayer of a boundary layer and uses the Doppler effect to measure one of the horizontal-to-surface velocity components within the sublayer. The linear variation of the velocity component within the sublayer and the linear variation of the fringes form a relation between the velocity component and the skin friction component on the surface due to Newtonþs principle.

The device will be used in applications where skin-friction drag on a surface is crucial in the design of a new product/device such as in the automotive, aircraft and maritime industries. The race car, speed boat, cycling industries and smaller industries such as surfing and skiing are also prime potential targets.

The device can be used in designing more efficient pumps, turbo machinery, jet engine, and internal combustion engine components where flow qualities including separation of the flow must be well known.

Dr. Semih Mehmet (tm)l?men
Sensor Technology
1402 Ascot Lane
Blacksburg, VA 24060

Sensor Technology
1402 Ascot Lane
Blacksburg, VA 24060

PROJECT TITLE : Anti Icing System Using Engine Waste Heat

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Ice formation on aircraft flight surfaces such as wing leading edges and engine cowls during flight is extremely hazardous. There is a method for deicing in development that involves breaking the ice from these surfaces. Mechanical de-icing is energy efficient, but dislodged chunks of ice can damage engine components. A safer approach is to anti ice which involves heating of critical surfaces to prevent ice from forming, but this exacts a penalty in engine power and thrust. Loop Heat Pipes can provide passive anti-icing using engine waste heat. The only impact on engine performance is due to the heating of inlet air. Since waste heat is extracted from the air oil cooler (AOC), this component can be made smaller with a net savings on specific fuel consumption.

Already accomplished work has established the technical suitability of the Loop Heat Pipe for the application and quantified the performance advantage versus bleed air. Depending on the engine the use of waste heat can effect a 5-6% increase in available shaft horsepower and a 1-5% reduction in specific fuel consumption. In a NASA debriefing, a recent anti icing proposal was criticized because, AIt does not address the real technology issues...for inflight aircraft ice protection. ...requires early integration work.... It neglects issues of system weight and cost.@ The proposed program will resolve these issues for use of a Loop Heat Pipe (LHP)Anti Icing system aboard the Teledyne Ryan Tier II Plus high altitude endurance UAV (the Global Hawk). Two prototype aircraft are presently under construction. Phase I will examine the integration of LHP anti icing for the engine cowl on the prototype aircraft and produce a preliminary design at a level that will permit the evaluation of the system=s mass and cost efficiency versus other options. Phase II will produce an LHP anti icing system integrated into the engine cowl and test it in the NASA LeRC Icing Chamber.

The ability to perform anti icing using waste heat instead of bleed air or electrical power, would be a tremendous benefit for both military and commercial aircraft. The economic and safety incentives resulting from a 5% increase in available engine thrust and a 1-5% improvement in specific fuel consumption will lead to a very large world market.

Thermacore, Inc.,
780 Eden Road,
Lancaster, PA, 17601

Thermacore, Inc.,
780 Eden Road,
Lancaster, PA, 17601

PROJECT TITLE : A Pilot-Centered Turbulence Assessment and Monitoring System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Airborne encounters with various types of atmospheric turbulence continue to significantly affect the safety and efficiency of aviation. The proposed innovation will improve the detection, assessment, categorization and reporting of inflight turbulence, so as to give flight crews, air traffic controllers, flight planning/dispatch organizations and weather forecasters more timely and accurate information on the extent and severity of turbulence that may impact their operations. The Phase I effort will yield a design for an nexpensive, aircraft-based system that will inform both aircraft operators and airspace managers in a timely and appropriate manner of the location and severity of various forms of turbulence. TAMS (Turbulence Assessment and Monitoring System) uses an innovative approach to the problem, and this proposal will study the merits of developing a standardized scale, similar to the Richter scale used in earthquake assessment, to accurately quantify the energy state of the atmosphere. By integrating data already available from the flight deck avionics with potentially new software designs, the goal of TAMS is to develop a standardized rating system of turbulence that would provide meaningful information to all airspace users, allowing better short-term operational decisions and improved longer-term forecasting models.

Airline companies and their insurers are particularly interested in reducing the costs associated with turbulence encounters. For example, one major airline recorded about 80 turbulence encounter incidents in which flight attendant injuries cost over $500,000 in the first six months of 1996! The costs included medical bills and lost work days only, and were limited to flight attendants; passenger costs, airplane damage and other costs were specifically excluded. A turbulence assessment and monitoring system that could substantially reduce these costs clearly has strong commercialization potential.

Ronald L. Small
Search Technology, Inc.
Aviation Systems Division
4898 South Old Peachtree Rd., Suite 200
Norcross, GA 30071-4707

Search Technology, Inc.
4898 South Old Peachtree Rd., Suite 200
Norcross, GA 30071-4707

PROJECT TITLE : : Cost Minimization and Schedule Optimization via GN&C Avionics Interface Standardization

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The lack of interface standards for information exchange among spacecraft subsystems/avionics together with non-standardized architecture have resulted in high cost spacecraft systems with long integration and test times and increased flight operational complexity. Industry constantly driven to increase performance is in need of a practical means to minimize cost, shorten development schedule and simplify design. To support these goals, the Welch Engineering and Hughes Space and Communications team is pleased to propose to develop a novel architecture coupled with interface standards to allow optimal cooperation and information sharing among spacecraft subsystems such as power, propulsion, communications, and control disciplines. The proposed approach employs STEP-EXPRESS as the baseline to define interface standards for spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) avionics. STEP based interface standards will allow GN&C avionics to effectively exchange information among themselves as well as to other spacecraft avionics while the EXPRESS Language Based Modeling Approach (ELBMA) provides checks to insure that information is complete, unambiguous, and non-redundant. ELBMA will model interface standards of all GN&C avionics and define the object oriented Interface Control Database (ICD) to provide optimal information sharing and effective cross-communication among spacecraft subsystems. Cross-platform avionics communication is achieved via CORBAnet-like mechanism.

The success of this project will lay important groundwork for future development of GN&C interface standards for the entire aerospace industry. As a result, cost effective products and parts for spacecraft, missiles, and many other systems such as aircraft, submarines, automobiles, etc. will be practically produced and available to users at a much more affordable price. Interface standardization facilitates the growth of the entire aerospace industry.

WELCH ENGINEERING, Ltd,
1700 Research Blvd, STE 105,
Rockville, MD 20850

PROJECT TITLE : Integration of Process Based Cost (PBC) Models into Robust Design Simulation (RDS) for Aircraft Life Cycle Cost Analysis (ALCCA) in MDO/SA

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Robust design is defined as a systematic approach to finding optimum values of design factors which result in economical designs with low variability. Many Japanese and U.S. companies strive to achieve robust design through the use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Six Sigma approaches. However, these methods are usually applied to address manufacturing variability in the later stages of the design process, when as much as 70-80% of the LCC has already been committed through earlier design decisions. These early design decisions have been predominantly product performance based and passed on to subcontractors, suppliers, and vendors for implementation. It is during the early stages, i.e. conceptual/preliminary or system design, where technology uncertainty and design freedom are the greatest, and it is when life cycle affordability must be addressed. All of theses processes involve a relationship between time and cost.

Theoretical Cost/Time Analysis (CTA) curves will be developed from Process Based Cost (PBC) models for the critical aeronautical system process of certification. CTA will also be included in a system level Aircraft Life Cycle Cost Analysis (ALCCA) for cost-performance trades using Robust Design Simulation (RDS) in a Mutidisciplinary Design Optimization/Systems Analysis (MDO/SA).

Activity Based Costing (ABC) methods are being developed for re-engineering business processes in many industries. For selection of new technologies in the aircraft design process, PBC methods can be used to address downstream processes, such as certification cost/time considerations. An ALCCA using Robust Design Simulation (RDS) and PBC models can provide a set of PC-based software tools for rapid evaluation of new processes, including development, manufacturing, certification and support.

NAME Jerry W. Phillips
ORGANIZATION NAME Executive AeroSystems Inc. (EAI)
MAIL ADDRESS P.O. Box 788 Roswell, GA 30077

ORGANIZATION NAME Executive AeroSystems Inc. (EAI)
MAIL ADDRESS P.O. Box 788 Roswell, GA 30077

PROJECT TITLE : : Air Traffic Control Automation in Heavy Weather

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Our innovation, the Weather Route Generator (WRG), is an all-weather Air Traffic Control (ATC) software tool that bridges the gap between today's weather information systems and ATC automation algorithms. Current sensor technology, meteorological methods, and displays are capable of producing accurate and timely mesoscale nowcasts (pictures of the current weather) and forecasts in the terminal area. But controllers still find it exceedingly difficult to vector aircraft around storm cells, maintain safety, and achieve efficient throughput. In short, the weather and airspace management information is available, but the lack of time to mentally solve this complex problem causes inefficient solutions and high workloads for air traffic controllers. However, this type and magnitude of data is well-suited for today's ATC automation algorithms. Our innovation provides the computational geometry for weather analysis, algorithmic route planning, and scheduling software that designs arrival aircraft trajectories that are properly spaced and avoid penetrating heavy weather. A preliminary concept version has been tested with real weather data; results indicate that it is feasible to maintain high throughput even in relatively heavy weather. Thus, our innovation will help NASA provide the technology for enhanced terminal area productivity, safety, and airspace management.

The WRG commercial potential is very high because the trend in air traffic control is towards giving airlines more and more autonomy. The recent and on-going Free Flight initiative is an example of this trend. Researchers at NASA and the FAA envision reduced control of air traffic. The FAA's and CAA's roles will be more of managing air traffic. As this occurs, airlines and other operators will require the WRG to vector their aircraft in heavy weather. In the future, this could be applied to en route airspace as well as terminal areas.

George Hunter
Seagull Technology, Inc.
21771 Stevens Creek Boulevard
Cupertino, CA 95014-1175

Seagull Technology, Inc.
21771 Stevens Creek Boulevard
Cupertino, CA 95014-1175

PROJECT TITLE : Agent-Based Performance Assessment Tool for General Aviation Operations Under Free Flight

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Although considerable effort is being devoted to understanding the effect of free flight air traffic management (ATM) concepts on commercial aviation, the consequences for general aviation (GA) have received relatively less attention. We thus propose to develop a computational tool to assess free flightÕs potential GA impact, combining an agent-based representation of the overall pilot/vehicle/ATM system with model-based metrics of pilot situation awareness (SA) and performance. We will focus on the single GA pilot, and demonstrate overall feasibility of generating objective SA and error metrics for evaluating procedures design options, across a range of free flight scenarios. The approach relies on a multi-stage agent-based representation of the pilot's SA and decision-making behavior, and a multidimensional metric that reflects SA, performance, and error propensity. Bayesian networks support SA computations, and an object-oriented implementation facilitates integration with other software packages; a graphical user interface supports scenario specification and on-line performance analysis. We propose to develop a prototype tool, apply it to the free flight environment, integrate it with a realistic ATM model, and demonstrate its use in design option evaluation.

The proposed technology will directly support closing the human factors loop on the development of free flight ATM concepts. The underlying modeling approach will support human factors assessments in other domains (e.g., nuclear power plants, chemical processing centers, power dispatch stations, intelligent vehicle highway system control centers, etc.) where it is desirable to determine how system design affects operator awareness and performance before committing to a specific configuration. We plan to extract the belief network algorithm that emulates pilot situation assessment in the presence of uncertainty, and develop a commercial-quality software tool for computer-based reasoning under uncertainty.

GregL. Zacharias
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138

PROJECT TITLE : : Dynamic Resectorization and Route Coordination for Air Traffic Management

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Significant discussion has occurred in the Air Transportation Management (ATM) community over the last year about the concept of "Free Flight." The motivation behind this call to action is the clear need to improve the efficiency of the current ATM system. However, to effectively and safely implement a new system, it is critical that the limitations of the current system be understood. This proposed effort will address the direct relationship that exists between the human Air Traffic Specialist (ATS), the division of airspace into `sectors,' and the route and altitude restrictions that are used in the ATM system today. To date, the Free Flight concept has not recognized this relationship.

Wyndemere Incorporated proposes a new set of procedures for dynamic resectorization and coordination of aircraft routings that will allow the desired flexibility of the Free Flight concept while still providing the necessary cues, information and organization of the traffic situation such that the ATS can maintain situational awareness and provide the separation assurance function necessary for Free Flight.

As this effort is focused on the development of innovative techniques for Air Traffic Management, the primary sources for non-SBIR funding are the organizations and agencies that maintain and improve the ATM systems of the United States, and of the world. Wyndemere Incorporated has previous involvement in many areas of development of the National Airspace System (NAS) of the United States.

The high level of interest displayed by the FAA and the Airline Industries to expedite the implementation of a free flight system requires that we begin examining, as soon as possible, the types of procedures and tools to support those procedures that controllers will need to maintain a proper level of awareness of system state for effective control. This research will provide Wyndemere with system requirements that can be used in the development of future ATC systems (such as CTAS, DSR, STARS, and other international systems). We plan to use the results from this study, combined with our existing capabilities in ATC software development, to obtain subcontracts for the development of future ATC systems. Initial discussions with FAA representatives about the Dynamic Resectorization concept have already been conducted.

Name: Christopher R. Brinton
Title: Vice President
Address: Wyndemere Incorporated
4875 Pearl East Circle, Suite 301
Boulder, CO 80301
USA

Wyndemere Incorporated
4875 Pearl East Circle, Suite 301
Boulder, CO 80301

PROJECT TITLE : Optical Air Mass Flux Sensor for Flight Applications (7117-060)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Flight qualified sensors for inlet air mass flux are desired for improved control of conventional aeropropulsion gas turbine power plants and variable-geometry, mixed-compression inlets of advanced flight vehicles. This proposal describes an effort to develop and flight test an optical air mass flux sensor that provides continuous, rapid-response mass-flux data within the inlet duct over the entire flight envelope. It builds on the previous, successful demonstration of the sensor on a full-scale F-100 engine in ground tests. In the proposed program, PSI will develop a small, flight compatible package suitable for installation and testing on a NASA Dryden flight research vehicle. The Phase I portion will be devoted to completing the design task and will include a detailed reduction of the hardware to a flight compatible package, as well as automated and streamlined software for continuous mass flux reporting with a target bandwidth of 10 Hz. The successful flight demonstration in the Phase II portion of the proposed program will represent a significant milestone in the evolution of diode laser sensor technology for aeropropulsion applications and is expected to enable a suite of related diode laser sensors, including emissions and combustor exit temperature sensors.

The optical air mass flux sensor has identified commercial applications to military and civilian aircraft for improved engine control. Commercial stall and surge sensing are already being pursued with industry in ground tests. PSI will continue commercialization of this technology through similar licensing arrangements throughout the proposed program. Variants of the proposed sensor using different wavelength laser have commercial application as mass flow meters for natural gas and process chemical flows. Pre-commercial applications for NASA missions such as the hyper-X program are also envisioned.

Dr. Mark G. Allen
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

PROJECT TITLE : Universal Fiber Optic Test/Instrumentation System (UFO-TIS)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The universal fiber optic test/instrumentation system (UFO-TIS) will provide an embedded test/instrumentation system to assist aircraft designers to assess health/status of fiber optic subsystems during dynamic flight environment. SPEC's proposal is to study and design (in Phase I) and build (in Phase 2) a prototype test/instrumentation system. This universal system will be adapted to a wide range of multimode optical fibers used in various aircraft by simply switching between optical adapters. The system will be capable of operating in a photon-counting mode, resulting in minimal "dead zones" for short fiber runs used in typical aircraft applications. In parallel or as an extension to phase II, the UFO-TIS can be packaged as a flyable instrumentation device for test in the NASA F-18 Systems Research Aircraft (SRA). The SPEC UFO-TIS coupled with the NASA SRA will also provide an instrumentation/platform to assist the Fiber Optics Working Group (FOWG) to use in their upcoming fiber evaluations, and for NASA to investigate (and mitigate) communications issues with upcoming fly-by-light control systems. In addition, the proposed program will provide synergy with other programs, such as the fiber-optic sensor suite being developed for the X-33 by NASA-Langley (LaRC) and Lockheed Martin.

The proposed universal fiber optic test/instrumentation system (UFO-TIS) will be capable of supporting commercial aviation in the design, installation and tests of fiber optic interconnect systems for commercial and military aircraft. Potential customers are The Boeing Company for the 757, 767 and 777 airframes; Lockheed Martin for the F-22, McDonnell Douglas for the F-18 family and the Boeing/Sikorsky Aircraft RAH-66 helicopter. In addition, SPEC has a long term working relationship with 3M's Telecom Systems Division for the design and development of Optical Time Domain Reflectometers. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL Name: Dr. Newton B. Penrose Organization and address is the same as Offeror.

Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC) Phone: (512) 306-1100
401 Camp Craft Road
Austin, TX 78746-6558

PROJECT TITLE : Airborne Doppler Lidar Measurement of Vertical Velocity as Input to a Gust Load Alleviation System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A short to moderate range, forward looking scanning Doppler lidar is proposed to be used onboard commercial transport aircraft to sense the vertical velocity ahead, in the vicinity of the flight path, particularly that associated with intense turbulent wind structures, The goal is to provide a closed-loop flight control system with an accurate measurement of the upcoming vertical velocity at sufficient look-ahead distance that the structural loads on the aircraft can be significantly reduced through manipulation of the aircraft control surfaces. The proposed effort leverages two ongoing CTI development efforts of airborne Doppler lidar sensors. The Phase I program will develop and evaluate scanning and processing concepts appropriate for the measurement objectives. A preliminary scanner and algorithm design will be developed in Phase I. The Phase II effort will construct the scanner, implement the appropriate hardware and software changes to the available instrumentation, and perform proof-of-concept flight tests.

Primary end-use applications for the subject sensor are directly related to commercial airlines and aircraft manufacturers. Airborne measurement of wind environments for commercial as well as military aircraft, including gusts, and turbulence, wind shear, wind profiling and wake vortices are the primary application areas. Data acquired and recorded by such instrumentation could be used to validate, and extend, descriptions of the wind shear environment used in flight simulation environments for pilot training.

Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO 80306

PROJECT TITLE : Impulse Feedback-Based Health Management System for Aircraft Engine Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Both historical and recent experience shows that aircraft require improved monitoring and maintenance of engine system condition. Vibration-based health management systems generally depend upon the dynamic response of a machine or structure to operational forces. They cannot reliably determine causes of anomalies. CETI proposes to use Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology to deploy a proven troubleshooting technique in a real-time health management system for turbine engines and critical airframe components. This technology will directly support the objective of Subtopic 01.15 for real-time measurement techniques to acquire aerodynamic, structural, and propulsion system performance characteristics in flight and to safely expand the flight envelope of aerospace vehicles. The proposed system would be capable of fault identification, diagnosis, and prediction of remaining component life. The technique is based on combining natural and impulse excited response data to extract system component characteristics. The proposed effort would demonstrate the feasibility of transitioning the technique to a health management system in a bread-board MEMS. System components (on-board exciter, sensors, adaptively modifiable component and tribological models, and evaluation software) can then be incorporated in a MEMS device. Successful deployment of this technology would provide substantial new health management capabilities for aircraft engines and critical stationary components.

Achievement of the project goals will provide NASA with a health management system that reliably protects advanced engine systems from unexpected failures. The proposed system provides assessment of operability and remaining time- to-failure for both critical stationary components and all types of turbomachinery, particularly aircraft gas turbines, rocket engine fuel and oxidizer pumps, and other turbomachinery subsystems. Industrial applications, which also might have some application to aircraft auxiliary systems, include pumps, compressors, steam turbines, fans, and large electric motors.

William D. Marscher
Concepts ETI, Inc.
4 Billings Farm Road
White River Jct., VT 05001

Concepts ETI, Inc.
4 Billings Farm Road
White River Jct., VT 05001

PROJECT TITLE : Micromachined Fiber Optic Accelerometers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The materials and technology now exist to construct miniaturized, light weight, robust, highly multiplexed, fiber optic-based, micromachined accelerometers for wind tunnel and in-flight instrumentation. This instrumentation is crucial to the development and operation of affordable, safe and efficient 21st century aircraft and other high-speed vehicles. The development of smart structures and adaptive control systems will require the accurate and reliable measurement of vibration important for understanding the basic flight dynamics leading to improvements in the design and operation of future high-speed transportation systems.

An excellent development team has been assembled including 1) the Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center at Virginia Tech, a world leader in fiber optic sensor development, 2) Bell Laboratories/Lucent Technologies, which has invested over $50 million developing grating-based devices for communications applications, 3) Litton, with a micromachined product line and current agreements with F&S for joint product development, and 4) F&S, a leader in fiber optic sensor development and commercialization. This F&S team is both qualified and motivated to build upon its combined demonstrated capabilities to accomplish this development and commercialization project.

The development of light weight, small size, highly multiplexed accelerometers for wind tunnel instrumentation will find applications for in-flight aircraft health monitoring and active control of vibration in flaps and ailerons. These transducers will find tremendous markets in 1) transportation system design, development and operation, specifically automotive, aircraft, ships and submarines, 2) the power generation and monitoring systems for coal-fired, nuclear and fuel-cell technologies, 3) medical applications, and 4) specialty products including golf clubs, skis and other sports equipment.

F&S Inc. (Fiber & Sensor Technologies, Inc.)
P.O. Box 11704
Blacksburg, VA 24062-1704

PROJECT TITLE : : Monolithic Fully Integated Optic Inertial Navigation System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The GPS is an affordable and accurate means of guiding military and civilian aircraft. However, at times the GPS signal becomes blocked or degraded due to loss of satellite lock or poor viewing angle. It is necessary to back it up with inertial navigation. However, there is no inertial navigation system which is accurate enough and inexpensive enough to interface with GPS. A completely monolithic fully integrated micromachined INS is proposed which has potentially navigational grade performance to provide all the inertial measurements, by virtue of the materials used, the fabrication processes adopted, and the transduction technique. This INS will be interfaced with GPS. The two systems will be uncoupled initially. The Kalman filter will include 17 states. In Phase II the coupling will be tightened to include feedback states to the GPS first and then to the INS to model its error states. It will have the capability of aligning the INS in flight and of compensating for its drift in real time.

An integrated optic monolithic inertial measurement unit that has navigational grade performance and low cost and provides all the axes can interface with GPS to guide aircraft. It has also applications in in car and truck navigation. It has also geophysical and seismological applications for inertial navigation during well drilling and for well imaging. It can also be used for automotive safety research.

Dr. John Farah
Optisensors, Inc.
M.I.T. P.O.Box 397301
Cambridge, MA 02139

M.I.T. P.O.Box 397301
Cambridge, MA 02139

PROJECT TITLE : Advanced High Performance Intelligent Aircraft Control Techniques

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This project proposes intelligent control for advanced flight control system design. Specifically, an integrated design framework utilizing neural networks, fuzzy logic, and nonlinear control will be developed to address specific issues, such as complexity, nonlinearity and uncertainty, arising in advanced aircraft control. The goal is to improve stability robustness and performance robustness for all flight conditions. In this project, the complexity and uncertainty issues are addressed via the distributed parallel processing, learning, and online reoptimization properties of neural networks. The nonlinear dynamics due to severe kinematic and inertial coupling as well as aerodynamics is naturally incorporated into the design framework. The knowledge base and decision making logic furnished by a fuzzy system leads to a human intelligence enhanced adaptive control scheme. At the end of Phase I, the effectiveness of the integrated intelligent control approach will be demonstrated on a fully integrated prototype module. It is anticipated that this project together with our on-going research on intelligent guidance laws will greatly enhance the status of current aircraft guidance and control system design.

The resulting design software toolkit in this project can find applications to a whole spectrum of flight control systems, including missile autopilot, aircraft flight control, spacecraft flight control, and unmanned aerial vehicle control.

Dr. Ching-Fang Lin
American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311

American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311

PROJECT TITLE : UAV Droplet Heat Exchanger

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are now being used for atmospheric sampling, but significant advances in performance must be achieved for sustained flight at altitudes up to 30 km. It is proposed to replace the standard metal finned circulating glycol/water heat exchanger with a droplet heat exchanger developed in this program. A circulating liquid sprayed into a ducted airstream creates a dense droplet field that directly transfers heat from the liquid to the gas and is then captured at the end of the duct by inertial separation from a sharply turning flow. A droplet heat exchanger efficiently rejects engine heat under widely varying conditions while greatly reducing heat exchanger weight and lowering aircraft drag. Heat transfer can be increased for high altitude flight, lower weight increases altitude capability and together with decreased drag increases range. Heat transfer and droplet collection can be maintained during speed and attitude changes, and the system tolerates rain, snow, and dust. DHXs have already been demonstrated experimentally; a Phase 1 modeling and analysis program is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of a droplet heat exchanger for a UAV.

A droplet heat exchanger successfully applied to a UAV will permit a significant reduction in both aerodynamic drag and vehicle weight. The resulting increase in aircraft efficiency will greatly enhance the capabilities of a redesigned UAV. Droplet heat exchangers can be used for rejecting heat from any commercial engine. Once developed, weight savings and simplicity may lead to aircraft and other applications.

Stephen C. Bates
Thoughtventions Unlimited
P. O. Box 1310
Glastonbury, CT 06033

Thoughtventions Unlimited
P. O. Box 1310
Glastonbury, CT 06033

PROJECT TITLE : Real-Time Health Monitoring of Flight-Critical Systems Using Fuzzy CMAC

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Many existing approaches to fault detection and diagnostic systems are after-the-fact methods, i.e. failure has occurred and the machine is down. As a result, the mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) is short and many man-hours are needed to repair the machine. The key to preventing failure to occur is the ability to identify degraded states of the machine so that machine can be repaired during regular maintenance hours.

In this proposal, we propose a new method to machine degradation monitoring, fault detection and diagnostics, which is robust to sensor noise and is also efficient in training and learning. We are also able to detect new fault conditions that have not occurred before, which may include sensor failures and hence the capability of validity self-checks. Our idea is to use a new type of biologically-realistic neural net, called Fuzzy CMAC. The Fuzzy CMAC (Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer) inherits preferred features of arbitrary function approximation and parallel processing from the original CMAC neural network, and the capability of acquiring and incorporating human knowledge into a system and the capability of processing information based on fuzzy inference rules from the fuzzy logic. Our learning rates are at least an order of magnitude faster than conventional neural nets. The Fuzzy CMAC can be designed in such a way that each output corresponds to one type of failure condition. Hence the neural network is able to monitor the degradation and to identify the type of failure simultaneously.

The range of applications of the Fuzzy CMAC is very large. Other applications include medical monitoring, image classification, self-repairing control systems, system health monitoring, in-process control of manufacturing processes, and real-time error compensation for machine tools using calibration data to train the network.

Dr. C. M. Kwan
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
2 Research Place, Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

Intelligent Automation, Inc.
2 Research Place, Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

PROJECT TITLE : Software Metrics Decision Support System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The objective of this work is to develop a software metrics decision support system to assist managers in making programmatic and technical decisions concerning management metrics program implementation on software projects. Our goal is to provide managers with an innovative decision support system that combines methods from software measurement and decision analysis. The system will: alert a manager to possible problems in a software development, evaluate alternative corrective actions, and evaluate risks. The system will also provide a means for extensive "what if" analyses. The proposed research will combine the power of decision analysis with software metrics to support software development managers. This will be pursued by conducting three tasks in Phase I: (1) identification of important factors in a software metrics decision support system, (2) development of a methodology, and (3) development of a plan of approach for a computer prototype to be developed in Phase II.

We expect applications for the product of the Phase II R&D in both commercial and Federal Government markets. These include markets for the decision support process (service), the software decision support system (product), and a technology transfer course (service). The product should meet a significant need both in the specific application of a system for software program management support and in the more general application as a general-purpose evaluation system. Clients for the specific service and supporting software are in the federal government, its contractors, and commercial organizations. Customers for the general purpose software are practitioners in the operations research and management science professions as well as program/project managers in corporations. Technology transfer activities, especially in the form of executive education courses and consulting on pilot applications, are also expected to have a commercial market from the organizations that purchase the software metrics decision support system. Targeted companies are those that engage in substantial software product development.

Jacob W. Ulvila
Decision Science Associates, Inc.
10980 Poplar Ford Trail
Manassas, VA 20109

Decision Science Associates, Inc.
10980 Poplar Ford Trail
Manassas, VA 20109

PROJECT TITLE : Verified VHDL Synthesizable Cores

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The development of verified reusable hardware specification components, manifest as synthesizable VHDL cores, represents a key technology that will enable engineering discipline to manage design complexity. The specific innovation we propose is the development of verified, synthesizable VHDL cores that include all the features, documentation, and support necessary to insure integration with customer designs with the high degree of reliability provided by the application of formal methods. The innovation is relevant to NASA as (i) an innovative approach to software and systems reuse, (ii) formal mathematical methods for specification, design, and analysis of digital systems, and (iii) techniques and tools for integrating formal methods with existing methods, tools, and languages. The technology will provide a means by which there are no tradeoffs between COTS (commercial off the shelf) components and those required to satisfy the stringent reliability and safety requirements of safety-critical systems.

The POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION is in the electronics design industry for both safety-critical and commercial systems. These products will be used by engineers within the computer, networking and semiconductor markets to develop reusable designs, reduce design cycle times and reduce time to market for electronic products and systems.

Dr. Bhaskar Bose
Derivation Systems, Inc.
5963 La Place Court, Suite 208
Carlsbad, CA 92008

Derivation Systems, Inc.
5963 La Place Court, Suite 208
Carlsbad, CA 92008

PROJECT TITLE : Design and Manufacture of a Deployable Highly Loaded Airfoil Structure

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The ability to rapidly and economically deploy airfoil structures represents one of the greatest technical challenges in the development of roadable aircraft. Our telescopic wing principles offer the roadable aircraft the safe and fast automatic conversion from aircraft to automobile mode. These principles will improve utility of the aircraft and provide rapid point to point single vehicle transportation. The R&D objective is to develop deployable wing and to demonstrate the motion characteristics and drive system principles. Met objectives will provide the background for development and demonstration of a full size half wing for a four passenger advanced flying automobile. The commercialization of these technologies once matured will improve economics of the U.S. industry. Additionally, automotive standards, will reduce noise levels of private air transportation providing better community acceptance.

The successful development and demonstration of deployable airfoil structures based on telescopic wing principles will allow application of this technology in the following areas: AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES: general aviation, subsonic transports, supersonic(future), helicopter blades. MARINE CRAFT: sail boats, hydrofoils, ships. MACHINE STRUCTURES: telescopic arms, robotics.

Mike Czajkowski,
AFA Inc.,
P.O. Box 193,
La Jolla, Ca 92038.

Dr. Branko Sarh,
AFA Inc.,
19542 Pompano Ln #107,
Huntington Beach, Ca 92648

PROJECT TITLE : Intelligent wireless Airborne Gateway to Aviation Information Services

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation is an infrastructure operating system designed specifically for General Aviation that will serve as an automated wireless airborne gateway to Aviation Information Services. The system will be supported by a national infrastructure and will run on currently developing hardware and products. The Aviation Information Service will be enabled through an automated interconnect to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) and will provide services that include weather information, flight planning, in-flight flight-plan revision, GPS based navigation, traffic information, and Automated Dependent Surveillance (ADS) capabilities. Also, the ability to make airborne phone calls, send fax / e-mail, and utilize services on the internet will be provided with the Aviation Information Service. Further, the system includes tracking flight paths and recording pertinent data at base stations with a system for an emergency locator in event of an accident . The system is truly an innovation as it brings to General Aviation a complete package of capabilities under one system that can run on any PC compatible unit / lap top. The attributes of the system summarized above brings an overall utility of increased safety and convenience through the access to information to the General Aviation cockpit in a low cost structure

An Aviation Information Service will be created which will serve as a wireless gateway to information to the GA cockpit. Through access to the internet a multiple of service providers will be enabled to make their service available to the airborne GA pilots. GA pilots will have the capability to make phone calls, send fax / e-mail, access real time weather, conduct in-flight flight revisions, and utilize a number of other services from the air that are not presently available to the airborne GA pilot. This form of service which can be delivered to market in a low cost structure, provides for a strong need in the GA industry and will bolster industry as a whole.

Ross Norsworthy
ROSS Engineering Company
12505 Starkey Rd. Ste. E
Largo FL 34643

ROSS Engineering Company
12505 Starkey Rd. Ste. E
Largo FL 34643

PROJECT TITLE : Affordable Computer Based Trainer

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation being proposed by Advanced Creations, incorporated (ACi) is an affordable Computer-Based-Training (CBT) system configured around a complex system of software modules developed by the ACi under internal funds. The software modules comprise a subset of a comprehensive software system called OASIS (Onboard Avionics Synergistic Information System) which is configured to be the core software package for a fully integrated avionics suite. Specific modules from this package that provide an engine gauge cluster, an attitude direction indicator (ADI), a horizontal moving map (HMAP), and a three dimensional out-of-cockpit view of actual flight plans (with an actual terrain and obstacle database) can be ported to a personal computer domain in concert with one of the latest generation graphics generator to yield a very low cost trainer capability. The OASIS software is easily modified to provide simulations for any cockpit configuration or specific aircraft dynamics.

The CBT, as proposed, is one that will meet or exceed the primary vision and goals of the AGATE training work package. The simulator concept will be driven to emulate the AGATE cockpit, permitting a realistic preflight planning, inflight readjustments, and post flight review and critique.

This innovation will result in a highly versatile computer based trainer with broad potential for use in General Aviation, high school drivers training and many others. Dr. John A. Little, Advanced Creations, inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd., Dayton OH, 45432

Advanced Creations, inc.,
4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd,
Dayton OH, 45432

PROJECT TITLE : An Affordable Human Factors Engineered Aircraft Energy Performance Management System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Pilot induced fuel exhaustion, stall/spin and flight path control accidents, and near-accidents, continue to plague the general aviation safety record. The current instrumentation force the pilot to maintain a very high proficiency level to safely utilize the inadequately 'Human Factors Engineered' (HFE) cockpit of GA aircraft. Studies of aircraft accidents have shown that during stress and high workload situations, pilots experience 'Cognitive Tunneling' ( See Technical Background ), which results in dramatic impairment of the ability to interpret instrument data and make correct decisions. To address this critical problem, VMD proposes utilizing HFE technology to direct the design of an innovative and affordable General Aviation Energy Performance Management System (EPAMS). This system will provide precise energy management control from takeoff to touchdown via a real-time 'cued' display and sensor system. HFE techniques can be used in designing specific flight path control display formats that can virtually eliminate pilot misinterpretation errors, especially during high workload or stressful periods. The goal of this effort is to create a key technology necessary for takeoff to touchdown flight management, thereby reducing pilot training, improving GA safety and efficiency, and therefore increase its utility and market base.

All general aviation and corporate aircraft in service or newly constructed.

Lance G. Turk
Vision Micro Design Inc.
5501 East Road
Bellingham, WA 98226

Vision Micro Design, Inc.
5501 East Road
Bellingham WA 98226

PROJECT TITLE : A Novel Muffler/Auxiliary Power Source for General Aviation Aircraft

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed project will develop a unique exhaust powered auxiliary power system which could be used on any general aviation aircraft. This project will produce a complete FAA-certified auxiliary system which will supply enough energy to power the alternator, air conditioning system, cabin pressurization system, deice system, and other (to be identified) system requirements. The source of this power will be the energy which is currently wasted in the engine's exhaust and produces environmental noise. This wasted energy will be captured by the use of a turbocharger which will then in turn power the various subsystems. The total available power in the exhaust of a GA air-cooled Av-gas fueled engine is approximately 50% greater than the useful power from the engine. It is expected that approximately one third of this wasted energy can be harnessed to do useful work (70 BHP) by supplying auxiliary power for engine accessories, alternator, cabin pressurization, and either system requirement.

The proposed innovation will furnish a complete FAA-certified unique auxiliary power system which can efficiently furnish energy for various auxiliary system on any general aviation aircraft. This unit will improve the aircraft's efficiency, increase the amount of auxiliary power available, and reduce cabin noise for any general aviation aircraft. Global Aircraft is very interested in this concept for incorporation in its GT-3 Trainer and future GA airplanes. Global is especially interested in developing an FAA certificated retrofit kit for existing airplanes. If the general aviation aircraft market is revitalized to the levels of annual sales achieved in the 1970's and this concept captured 20% of the market, there would be a market for about 3,600 units per year by 2000. If in addition, retrofits were made to a small portion (<5%) of the current general aviation fleet, then another 10,000 units could be marketed over the next ten years. At the target price for the unit ($3,000) the total market for this product would be approximately $13,800,000 per year. It should be noted that a simpler, cheaper version of this product might have application in the automobile market and that if this market were shown to be feasible, then the demand for this product would be enormous.

W. G. Wells
Global Aircraft Corporation
P.O. Box 850
Starkville, MS 39760-0850

Global Aircraft Corporation
P.O. Box 850
Starkville, MS 39760-0850

PROJECT TITLE : Advanced High-Lift Systems to Enhance Performance and Utility of Existing and New GA Aircraft.

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation proposed in this SBIR effort is the development of an advanced new technology high-lift flap system for General Aviation aircraft. Until now, no high-lift flap system has been theoretically designed and tested, using state-of-the-art computational tools to optimally design a high-lift flap system for GA applications. Not only will the latest technology be brought to the GA market for optimal high-lift design, but this technology will be developed for optimization of two market segments: (1) retrofitting a high-lift system to existing aircraft wings and (2) optimally designing a high-lift system to get the best performance from the latest technology low drag NLF wings. The design and implementation of this concept poses a direct need to GA, first to provide safety with lower stall speeds and second the ability to add needed utility and growth potential to existing aircraft. This innovation is relevant to the Aircraft Configuration part of the GA subtopic that calls for vehicles that enhance performance and safety.

For commercialization IAT will have three perspective markets, all large ones in the aircraft industry. The following three markets appear highly profitable (based upon discussions with ModWorks from their modification customers):

1.) Retrofit flap system for Mooney aircraft to increase payload.
2.) Retrofit market for the numerous other GA aircraft that incorporate NACA 6-series airfoils.
3.) A market for incorporating the NLF(1)-0414F on new GA aircraft designs with a validated high-performance flap system.

Sally Viken
Innovative Aerodynamic Technologies
534 Wythe Creek Road, Suite C
Poquoson, Virginia-23662.

Innovative Aerodynamic Technologies
534 Wythe Creek Road, Suite C
Poquoson, Virginia-23662.

PROJECT TITLE : Cost-Effective Field Emission Displays Using Thin-Film Oxide Phosphors

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We will develop thin-film oxide phosphors for full-color field-emission-display (FED) faceplates. We will grow phosphor host material by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), adding luminescence centers by selective-area ion implantation, and explore techniques to reduce light trapping. Use of pixel definition by selective-area ion implantation is a lower cost manufacturing process than conventional multilayer etching procedures. Conventional sulfide-based powder phosphors compromise FED performance due to their granular nature, current-saturation characteristics, and limited operating lifetime. Replacement with sulfur-free, thin-film oxides can improve chromaticity, allow finer definition, increase phosphor lifetime, and reduce manufacturing costs.

Oxide-based phosphors have shown recent promise in plasma, FED, and electroluminescent display studies, with all three primary colors being reported. Phase I will deposit thin films onto inexpensive glass faceplates by MOCVD. Red, green, and blue (RGB) color centers will be introduced by ion implantation, with activation by thermal annealing. Phosphor characterization will be assisted by Dr. Paul Holloway at University of Florida. Optimization of Zn(AlxGa1-x)2O4] to find the best composition for support of all three colors, plus exploration of other oxides, will be the subject of Phase II.

Flat panel displays with increased luminance, greater color gamut, higher electrical efficiency, and longer operating life can replace cathode ray tubes in computer terminals, instrument panels, entertainment, and many other NASA and commercial display applications. There are also numerous potential applications for low cost, miniaturized flat panel displays, including air traffic control and navigation; personnel training; and equipment maintenance.

Stanley M. Vernon
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396

Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396

PROJECT TITLE : Low Cost Flight Data Recorder for General Aviation Aircraft

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Recent events have demonstrated the value of flight data and voice recorders in determining the cause of commercial aviation accidents. No other single piece of post-crash evidence yields more significant information than the data and voice recorders. Data from these devices has allowed major safety improvements on commercial aircraft, preventing further accidents from occurring. Unfortunately, cost and weight concerns have made equipping the general aviation fleet with similar devices impossible. In this proposal, a concept for a low-cost, light weight, autonomous, Flight Data Recorder for General Aviation Aircraft, incorporating ruggedized commercial off-the-shelf technology, is presented. The system uses miniaturized components packaged to minimize volume and weight while maintaining post-crash survivability. The system is autonomous, requiring no connections to existing aircraft systems (other than power). The system records accelerations and position of the aircraft , as well as cabin conversations and other sounds. Its low cost and ease of installation will allow rapid phasing into the general aviation community, without placing an undo burden on aircraft owners and operators.

The potential market for a low-cost flight data recorder is enormous, extending to the entire general aviation fleet of the United States and abroad. In addition, a low-cost, low-weight data recorder would have direct applicability in other industries, such as shipping monitoring, fleet vehicles, and transportation.

Christopher P. Krebs
Payload Systems Inc.
247 Third St.
Cambridge, MA 02141

Payload Systems Inc.
247 Third St.
Cambridge, MA 02141

PROJECT TITLE : Low Cost RTM with Integral Energy Absorption For GA Composite Structures

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Stoddard-Hamilton Air, Inc.'s innovation is a Resin Transfer Molding process for making low cost monolithic General Aviation structures with integral energy absorption material. SHAI has market demand for this innovation because it can use low cost tools, materials and resin injection/infusion techniques for component fabrication that can meet FAA production certification requirements. SHAI's will partner with Impact Dynamics Inc. to design integral energy absorption that can be cocured in one fabrication step in order to minimize the parts count and thereby cost. The advantages over conventional secondary bonding of these materials are gained in labor time, quality, reliability and FAA certifiability. SHAI proposes developing a single sided vacuum bag RTM process using composite molds, silicon rubber arbors, low cost vinylester resins ($2.00/lb.) and vacuum assisted pressure pot injection. These cost a fraction of aerospace processes ($30 - $80/lb). that employ matched metal molds, and computer controlled injection systems. The RTM parts fabricated will be high quality dimensionally accurate and allow complex three dimensional curvature. SHAI will employ these cost advantages in its volume production line and in contract parts manufacturing. The low cost innovation meets the goals of the AGATE ID&M Workpackage and with NASA's mission goals of GA revitalization.

Stoddard-Hamilton plans to pursue four commercialization paths for this low cost fabrication technology:

1. To incorporate this RTM process into its Glastar volume production line.
2. To use it to manufacture FAA Part 23 certifiable cowlings and instrument panels for an established GA airframe retrofitter, Mod Works, who will obtain a STC for these.
3. SHAI will pursue similar sub-contract primary airframe parts manufacturing for other GA manufacturers such as Cirrus Design.
4. SHAI's business plan to seek FAR Part 23 certification for the Glastar remains alive, this process will directly provide lower cost to the customers.

Robert M. Gavinsky
Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft, Inc.
18701, 58th Ave, N.E.,
Arlington, WA 98223

Robert M. Gavinsky
Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft, Inc.
18701, 58th Ave, N.E.,
Arlington, WA 98223

PROJECT TITLE : A LOW COST HIGHLY RELIABLE ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR GENERAL AVIATION APPLICATIONS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate a low cost highly reliable electronic engine control system for general aviation (GA) applications. As a result of liability issues and prohibitive costs, technology available to the general aviation industry has not kept pace with the other segments of aviation or automotive industries. Technology advancements driven by the rate of change in the electronics industry has enabled other segments of aviation and automotive industries to exploit the reliability and performance of microprocessor based systems.

The proposed system will utilize low cost electronic engine control hardware adapted from automotive applications and processes, combined with fault tolerant software adapted from automotive applications and processes, combined with fault tolerant software developed utilizing aviation industry standard methodologies integrated into an engine control system that can be tested and found compliant with all appropriate FAA air worthiness regulations.

The benefits from the proposed system include increased reliability as a result of utilizing a less complex dual redundant and fault tolerant system architecture. Additionally, engine performance will increase while emissions and life cycle cost will decrease. The system proposed will enhance the overall competitiveness of the engine and airframe applications further supporting the revitalization of the GA industry.

The proposed system to be demonstrated in Phase 1 will be applicable to a typical GA aircraft and engine application.

Brian Klinka
NexTechnologies International
26 Preservation Way
Westford, MA 01886

NexTechnologies International
26 Preservation Way
Westford, MA 01886

PROJECT TITLE : 200 hp GA Diesel Propulsion System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Proposal aims at meeting the goals of the GA. Program with a 200 horsepower two-cycle, jet fuel burning, compression ignition, internal combustion engine. The innovative technological developments proposed are aimed at strong economic growth whilst meeting significant technical challenges. Compression ignition has been chosen to enable the clean, reliable burning of a safer, lower cost jet fuel. The higher compression ratio of compression ignition promises the potential of higher thermal efficiency, lower emmissions and reduced life cycle costs which are characteristic of diesel engines. The ability of the proposed technologies to reach power to weight ratios equal or better than todays gasoline aircraft engines has already been demonstrated with sub-scale prototypes. The proposal couples challenging technology with commercial flair and the ultimate goal of an exhibition flight at Oshkosh 1999 demonstrating the way to take American General Aviation into the 21st Century.

Any currently used Commercial applications for this powerful heavy fuel engine in place of highly flammable gasoline engines of the same power. The uses are endless but this engine was designed to fit existing airframes.

Gregory Scott Stevenson
GSE Inc.
PO Box 7743
Incline Village, NV 89452-7743

GSE Inc.
PO Box 7743
Incline Village, NV 89452-7743

PROJECT TITLE : Inflatable Wing Leading Edge for High Lift and Deicing

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The inflatable wing leading edge will increase the CLmax of the wing, increase the angle of attack for maximum lift, and broaden the peak for maximum CL . This will reduce the stall speed, shorten the take-off and landing distance, and help to prevent and perhaps even eliminate stall accidents in GA aircraft. When combined with the deicing system, it will provide increased utility and safety and at a lower cost than two separate systems. The objective is to show that an inflatable wing leading edge can be combined in a practical way with a pneumatic deicing system and that the technologies are available, or can be readily developed, for successful application to GA aircraft. Research includes theoretical shape development using the Eppler Airfoil Code, inflation research based on prior work at BFGoodrich, 2-D wind tunnel tests and determination if the objective can be met and the goal of increasing CLmax 25% flaps up and 33% flaps down achieved. The icing tests and flight test in Phase II will provide confirmation, a technology base, and assurance for proceeding with commercialization. Application to GA aircraft should increase their utility and safety and help to revive and expand the role of GA.

First applications would be to retrofit with kits existing single and twin engine GA designs in the field and/or factory. Later, corporate and commuter turboprop aircraft would be included. The application to new GA aircraft designs would be even more desirable, because here the inflatable leading edge could be integrated with the wing design and fabrication to provide laminar flow in cruise.

Kenneth G. Wernicke, President & Chief Engineer
Sky Technology Vehicle Design & Development Co.
1515 Central Park Drive
Hurst, TX 76053

Sky Technology Vehicle Design & Development Co.
1515 Central Park Drive
Hurst, TX 76053

PROJECT TITLE : : Miniaturized Lamba Sensors for Engine Control Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Advanced engine control technologies require small and light Lambda sensors that can reliably detect air to fuel ratio (A/F) in the engine exhaust stream to enhance fuel economy and reduce engine emissions. Existing sensors have several inherent limitations which make them unsuitable for such applications. Nanomaterials Research Corporation (NRC) proposes to develop miniaturized Lambda sensors from nanomaterials that can address the existing problems. The sensor will be based on nanostructured Ga2O3 ceramics. The innovation can dramatically reduce the size, weight, and power-consumption of the sensor while maintaining enhanced sensitivity, response time, and high temperature usability that make them extremely useful for space and commercial applications. During Phase I, the proof-of-concept will be demonstrated. Phase II will optimize and field test the sensor, while Phase III will commercialize the technology.

NASA can significantly benefit from small, light, and low-power-requiring sensors. The proposed sensor can enable more efficient, low pollution, high performance envelop operation of combustion engines that drive space vehicles, aircrafts, and logistic support infrastructure. Spin-off applications include the new generation chemical sensors that help to improve the fuel economy and emission control for automotives, natural gas engines, diesel based engines, and stationary combustion units.

Dr. C. Xu
N R Corp.
2849 East Elvira Rd
Tucson, AZ 85706-7126

Nanomaterials Research Corporation
2849 East Elvira Rd
Tucson, AZ 85706-7126

PROJECT TITLE : Burr Minimization and Deburring Expert for Precision Mechanical Components

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Integrated Constructs plans to develop an integrated suite of specialized software tools for design and manufacturing aimed at 1) predicting and minimizing burr formation in machining and metal-forming operations and 2) selecting and planning deburring operations, based upon these predicted burr characteristics, to maximize deburring process performance and lower the overall cost of the design-to-fabrication cycle for precision components. Pockets of burr formation data are known to exist within aerospace and automotive manufacturers. However, no software tool has been developed to integrate burr formation relationships with existing data to predict burr formation and to match predicted burr characteristics with deburring process capabilities. This project meets the need described in ÒGeneral Aviation Propulsion and Ice Protection SystemsÓ (Sub-topic 2.02) under General Aviation (Topic 2). Specifically, we address the needs articulated under Innovative Design and Manufacturing for practical improvements in design for manufacturability of small components by introducing burr minimization during design stages by fine-tuning critical features with high burr formation potential. Burr control and elimination are further achieved during manufacturing process planning by implementing strategies to reduce variation in burr size and by employing a deburring process advisor driven by a deburring knowledge base.

The ÒEdge-Finishing MASTERÓ is an integrated software tool for controlling burrs and selecting effective deburring processes for designers and manufacturers of precision mechanical components. This tool has the potential to bring burr formation into the commercial Òdesign-for-manufacturabilityÓ arena by delivering knowledge bases that address burr formation as an outcome of all machining processes which can be controlled in the design and process planning stages. The ÒEdge-Finishing MASTERÓ has potential commercial attractiveness in all industries which produce mechanical components. This tool is particularly useful for the aerospace, automotive and computer industries which require production of components with tight tolerances and burr-free drilled holes and milled surfaces. Very little, if any, commercial work has focused on burr formation and there are literally no software tools or design aides to examine burr formation or to integrate selection of a capable deburring process with specialized characterization of the burrs which exist, or which are predicted, on part edges. The types of parts for which the ÒEdge-Finishing MASTERÓ could achieve cost savings in the production cycle by reducing deburring time and reducing the risk of part failure due to burr-related problems include: propulsion and automotive engine components, precision valves in the biomedical and chemical industry as well as for weapons, optical lenses, ball bearings, gears, computer disks and disk drives.

Julie M. Stein, Ph.D.
Integrated Constructs
45 Stratford Road
Kensington, CA 94707

Integrated Constructs
45 Stratford Road
Kensington, CA 94707

PROJECT TITLE : Low-Cost Manufacturing of Lightweight Airframe Structures

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Advanced lightweight composite materials, such as honeycomb and laminate systems as well as metal matrix composites, hold great promise for many aviation aircraft structural applications. The most difficult problem in expanding the use of these materials, however, is the cost and limited performance of current fabrication and machining techniques. Abrasive-waterjet (AWJ) technology is potentially the most promising approach for com-posite machining applications, with many technical and economic advantages. In this study, we will focus on:

* Machining of composite honeycomb and laminated systems
* Milling of composites to reduce weight
* Development of new composite structure concepts

The use of lead and taper angles while cutting honeycomb structures will be implemented using a five-axis mani-pulator system to control the machining results. Computer-controlled pressure ramping will be used to drill holes, and precision milling techniques will be applied to produce lightweight structures. New concepts to fabricate light- weight airframe structures will be determined. We will work closely with major airframe manufacturers, such as The Boeing Company, to identify components for machining applications. Demonstration parts will be produced. The proposed research addresses the machining and fabrication of advanced composite structures, which are used in aircraft and aerospace components.

The successful completion of this program will result in improved techniques using abrasive-waterjets for machining lightweight structural composites. These techniques will result in improving the precision and quality of machined parts. Also, additional capabilities and structural concepts will result. The AWJ-based tool can be fully automated, which will yield high productivity rates and require minimal operator attention. Many industries would benefit from this new tool, including the defense, aerospace, aircraft, and automotive industries.

Mr. Peter Miles
Waterjet Technology, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

Waterjet Technology, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

PROJECT TITLE : Failure and Damage Tolerance of Composite Structures MSC P 0J30-631

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Constitutive laws for modeling nonlinear and strain softening behavior of composites due to multiple types of matrix mode damages as well as fiber breaks/kinks will be proposed, examined and validated. The models will be incorporated in a 3-D finite element code for stress analyses using iterative techniques. The constitutive laws will be refined by comparing predictions with available test data for specimens and components without and with stress raisers. The code will be used for predicting compressive failure of laminated fuselage shells as well as damage tolerance analysis of sandwich panels being considered for use in supersonic transports. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of the analysis methods. Refinement and commercialization of the softwares/analysis methods are the goals of the following phases, which should also address the problem of fatigue and other environmental effects.

As composites are being considered for a wide range of civilian applications, from supersonic transports to infrastructures, reliable and widely applicable models and softwares are needed for design damage tolerance/durability analyses. The models and softwares will be useful for designing safer and lighter structures and will reduce the time and cost for design, analysis and testing. Government agencies may find its use in addressing certification issues in an efficient manner. Airframe manufacturers and other companies will obviously use the product if it can be used to design products by reducing cost and increasing safety.

Dr. Sailendra N. Chatterjee
Materials Sciences Corporation
500 Office Center Drive
Suite 250
Fort Washington, PA 19034

Materials Sciences Corporation
500 Office Center Drive
Suite 250
Fort Washington, PA 19034

PROJECT TITLE : Thermal Spray of Titanium Adherends for High-Temperature Adhesive Bonding

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Adhesively bonded titanium structures are needed for high-temperature applications, including supersonic and hypersonic aircraft. Conventional surface treatments for titanium adherends are not suitable at high temperature. Oxygen dissolves or diffuses from the oxide formed by chemical etching or anodization into the metal. This diffusion creates a defective interface and embrittles the underlying metal and facilitates bond failure at or near the oxide-metal interface. Plasma sprayed Ti-6Al-4V coatings on titanium adherends have minimal oxygen content and their excellent adhesion properties exhibit no degradation upon exposure to high temperatures during initial experiments. DACCO SCI, INC., together with ISPA, proposes to develop this process as a high-temperature-compatible surface treatment for titanium adherends. This program will include the evaluation of another thermal spray process (2-wire-arc) as an alternative to plasma spray.

It also includes the evaluation of thermally spraying high-temperature primers, such as LaRC-TPI or LaRC-SI, separately or together with the initial titanium coating. The process would be a low-cost, high-performance surface treatment that is suitable for both original manufacture and local repair/maintenance. It would require no new infrastructure and would be environmentally benign.

Commercial applications are much broader than adhesive bonding of high-temperature titanium structures. The flexibility of the thermal spray process allows coatings to be designed or engineered for specific applications. For example, plasma sprayed Ti-6Al-4V coatings on aluminum adherends exhibit bond durability identical to the best chemical treatments. Such bondable coatings open possible markets in transportation (aerospace and automotive) and construction. Other coatings can be developed for corrosion protection for the same markets.

Dr. Guy D. Davis
DACCO SCI, INC.
10260 Old Columbia Road
Columbia, MD 21046

DACCO SCI, INC.
10260 Old Columbia Road
Columbia, MD 21046

PROJECT TITLE : : Terrain Transport Airframe Technologies

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

One of the serious safety issues in commercial air transport is controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). There have been three high profile, fatal accidents of this type in the past year. All could have been avoided if timely warning of an impending hazard had been presented to the pilot.

TSC proposes a lowcost, innovative set of modifications to an existing X-band weather radar on-board commercial aircraft and proposed for the SST that will add the capability to sense and display terrain or hazard location at ranges sufficient to allow safe maneuver to avoid the indicated danger. In addition, this innovation will 1) provide predictive measurement of the aircraft altitude relative to the runway during landing approach and 2) will present a 3-dimensional rendering of major structures as an adjunct to autonomous landing/sensors.

During our proposed Phase I effort we will determine the terrain warning/image enhancement requirements, performance and design for incorporation into a commercial weather/windshear radar. The output from Phase I will be performance estimates and a set of design modifications to be implemented and tested during Phase II. Following Phase II, NASA and the commercial airline industry will have a validated design and a set of tests demonstrating the performance of the proposed innovation.

The proposed technology can significantly enhance the safety of commercial aircraft as well as business and military transport aircraft. TSC is working with one of the major suppliers of on-board weather radars and we anticipate the incorporation of the TSC design into their products.

Carl J. Furchner
Technology Service Corporation
2950 31st Street
Santa Monica, CA 90405

Russell J. Lefevre
Technology Service Corporation
2950 31st Street
Santa Monica, CA 90405

PROJECT TITLE : VARIABLE FLOW FAN

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A variable flow fan aircraft propulsion system offers the potential for achieving low specific thrust with low jet velocity for low noise for takeoff, side-line, and initial climb, and high specific thrust for climb and acceleration to supersonic cruise. To achieve this, the operating envelope of a variable flow fan has to be expanded over existing turbofan engines. The variable flow fan concept (i.e., the Variable Fan Exit or "VFX") can efficiently operate beyond the usual fan (or compressor stall) line using new methods of scheduling the fan geometry as a function of flight Mach Number, fan pressure ratio and corrected speed, and by utilizing variable inlet guide vanes (IGV's), variable stators, and variable outlet guide vanes (OGV's). The VFX operates on an inverted operating line from high corrected flow, low pressure condition to a high pressure ratio, low corrected flow condition at constant corrected speed. Under this program, parametric design studies will be conducted on the VFX concept to determine the optimum "design" (reference) point, fan geometry schedules (including turn-down-ratio), stator and guide vane aerodynamic design, and number of fan stages.

This effort will provide preliminary design of the fan that will go into further developing the VFX engine. The VFX concept in general, will provide improvements in stage efficiency and stall margins, and provide large swings in corrected flow and pressure ratio. When applied to a HSCT or supersonic aircraft, the VFX has a unique advantage over conventional fans in its ability to achieve high by-pass ratios and low jet velocities at takeoff conditions (resulting in lower jet noise), and to achieve low by-pass ratios and high specific thrust levels at transonic acceleration and supersonic cruise. Another important benefit is the low specific fuel consumption (SFC) at subsonic cruise. Additionally, the flexibility of VFX offers improvements in performance and operability of large by-pass turbine engines for commercial aircraft. For military fighter aircraft, the VFX can extend the range and combat capability by eliminating the need for after-burners (resulting in improved performance and SFC and lower infrared (IR) ignature.

DIVERSITECH INC.
110 BOGGS LANE, SUITE 325
CINCINNATI, OH 45246

PROJECT TITLE : Microwave Processing of Carbon Nanofibers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Based on a newly developed technique for using microwaves to fabricate highly graphitic nanofibers, an inexpensive process for making high thermal conductivity carbon nanostructures is proposed here. The resultant structures are ~100 nm filamentary carbon strands with length of up to several hundred microns. There are evidences indicating these nanofibers are highly graphitic with very high thermal conductivity and near-metallic electrical conductivity. It is proposed to characterize the noteworthy properties of these nanostructures, and to develop the means to manufacture them and to initiate studies on how they may be used to enhance thermal, mechanical, and electric properties of low cost composite materials for aerospace applications.

The proposed material has very high thermal conductivity. In addition, it is light weight, and electrically conductive. Thus, the material can be used as an addictive in thermal plastics, composites, and epoxy for enhanced thermal conductivity, EMI shielding, and mechanical strength.

Chi Tang, Applied Sciences, Inc.,
141 West Xenia Avenue, PO Box 579,
Cedarville OH 45314-0579

Applied Sciences, Inc.,
141 West Xenia Avenue, PO Box
579 Cedarville OH 45314-0579

PROJECT TITLE : : Energy Momentum Wheels (EMWs) For Satellites and Other Applications With E-Beam Cured Composite Rotor

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed research project will address the application of the Energy Momentum Wheel (EMW), in the form of a high energy density Electron- Beam (EB) cured composite rotor to satellite systems. The EMW combines the function of energy storage (a battery) and momentum management (an attitude control momentum wheel) into a single device. Two such devices may be able to provide the complete energy storage and attitude control for many satellite missions. The successful application of the EMW to satellite systems holds the promise of significantly reducing a satelliteÕs mass and cost when contrasted with the traditionally satellite architecture which separates the energy storage and momentum management functions. One of the cost drivers in manufacturing an EMW is the flywheel rotors with Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), and one of the elements having the greatest effect on quality and performance, is the standard cure process. Thermal cure of PMCs requires relatively long cure times and high energy consumption. The conventional autoclave/oven curing process also creates residual thermal stresses, produces volatile toxic side-products, uses resins that have short pot lives, and requires expensive tooling tolerant to very high temperature and pressure levels. EB curing of composites can minimize or eliminate those problems.

AFS is convinced that the successful E-Beam curing of composite EMW rotor design development and test program as proposed herein will offer an absolutely crucial enabling technology foundation for full commercialization and timely deployment of Electro-Mechanical Flywheel Batteries (EMFBs). EB curing of composite rotors, which cures by crosslinking, will facilitate commercialization (reduced cost) and production rates (reduced cure time) that are presently unachievable utilizing conventional thermal-curing technology . This EMFB program will provide a pivotal technological base for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion, an energy storage and delivery system for industrial and utility use and a capability to support renewable energy such as from solar or wind power. AFS expects that the proposed advanced low-cost flywheel rotor will reduce costs by nearly 25% for that projected for the pre-commercial AFS EMFB at nominally $540/kWh. AFS has set a cost goal of between $250/kWh and $350/kWh depending on the market application for its EMFB, which has been demonstrated to be cost competitive in transportation and stationary energy-storage markets.

Mr. John V. Coyner
American Flywheel Systems, Inc.
P .O. Box 1341
Conifer, Colorado 80433

American Flywheel Systems, Inc.
Post Office Box 449
Medina, Washington 98039

PROJECT TITLE : Net Shape Fabrication of Nickel Based Composites for RLV Engine Components

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Nickel based materials are expected to have excellent resistance to flammability. The application of nickel and b-NiAl composites to advanced rocket engine components is currently limited due to the lack of a fabrication process that can produce complex shaped parts at an acceptable cost. During Phase I, Foster-Miller will demonstrate an innovative process to fabricate quality Ni-alloy and b-NiAl matrix composite components. Strong points of our process include:

* Low processing temperatures, thereby eliminating interface reactions between the Saphikon alumina fiber and the matrix.
* Suitability to fabricate complex shapes to a net shape.
* Versatility in terms of allowable fibers and matrix alloys.
* Scalability and affordability.

The alumina based fiber will be used as the reinforcement. Process parameters to produce a homogeneous matrix without causing interface reaction products, will be identified. The Phase I will include environmental testing of the composite specimen and single fiber tensile testing. A component of interest to RLV engines will be selected for development through Phases I and II. A component manufacturer and an end-user (rocket engine producer) will be closely involved so as to produce a technology with near-term implementation potential.

The follow-on Phase II program will demonstrate reproducibility of high mechanical properties in nickel based composite specimens after process optimization. Later, a complex-shaped demonstration article of interest to NASA system(s) will be fabricated and evaluated against the baseline component in terms of performance, weight and cost.

Our fabrication process will provide a net shape, low cost route to produce reinforced Ni and b-NiAl components with a >2,000oF service temperature capability. Application to the aeroengine compressor structures will produce large improvements in engine efficiency and performance. Other applications will be in high performance automotive engines, e.g. in pistons and turbocharger rotors; and for hot components in nuclear, oil drilling and mining equipment.

Mr. Uday Kashlikar
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible, Reusable, Composite Tanks and Feed Lines

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Triton Systems will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating liquid oxygen (LOX) compatible composite tanks and feed lines for reusable launch vehicles by demonstrating a LOX compatible coating for composites. The success of reusable launch vehicles depends upon reducing the mass of the vehicle structure. The weight savings attainable by using composite tanks and feed systems in reusable launch vehicles are tremendous. Recently the development of toughened epoxies has made it possible to use composites for the hydrogen system, but LOX incompatibility and the excessive weight of suitable liners prevents use of composites in the LOX systems. Triton Systems and NASA have recently demonstrated the LOX compatibility of a new NASA LaRC developed material which can be used as a composite coating without the poor adhesion and high processing temperatures inherent in other LOX compatible polymers. The promising results have prompted a strong interest on the part of Lockheed Martin. The Phase I program will demonstrate coating procedures and the durability of the coatings. The Phase I process development work will lay the groundwork for Phase II research in which we will work with Lockheed Martin to develop full scale LOX system composite components.

Successful completion of the proposed Phase I program and a subsequent Phase II program will provide NASA and the commercial community with process for fabricating liquid oxygen compatible components using lightweight composites. Likely commercial applications include government and commercial satellite propulsion systems and launch vehicle propulsion systems, as evidenced by Lockheed MartinÕs interest in this technology.

Triton Systems, Inc.
114 Turnpike Road
Chelmsford, MA 01824

PROJECT TITLE : Next Generation Light-Weight Weight Ceramic Ablator

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A new low-density (less than 0.26 g/cm3, 16 lb/ft3) , high-temperature (higher than 1600¡C, 2911¡F) resin-impregnated ceramic article is proposed. Three objectives are involved in the proposal. The first objective is to develop a porous low-density structural ceramic insulation substrate (LSI), that can withstand an ultra-high temperature (>1600¡C). The second objective is to develop a technique to impregnate the low-density ceramic structural substrates and to prepare SIRCA (silicone-impregnated reusable ceramic ablator) or SIRCA-like materials with a controllable char yield by using non-toxic solvents such as alcohol and water.The third objective is to develop a process to manufacture a non-shrinkable silicone-impregnated reusable flexible insulation (SIRFI).

The proposed Phase I research has an opportunity to produce better light weight thermal protection ceramic articles and ablator systems. The new ablators can be used as protective shields for aerospace vehicles against high temperature and high energy radiation. The high-temperature ceramic insulation can also be used for automotive and other thermal insulation applications.

Ming-ta S. Hsu, HC CHEM RESEARCH & SERVICES CORP.
15221 Skyview Drive
San Jose, CA 95132

HC CHEM RESEARCH & SERVICES CORP.
15221 Skyview Drive
San Jose, CA 95132

PROJECT TITLE : family of Advanced Ablative Heat Shields of Moderate-to-Low Density

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The goal of this project is development of a new family of advanced ablative-heat-shield materials in the density range of 15 to 50 lb/ft(3). These materials will be chemically very similar and will contain different proportions of essentially the same ingredients, but different family members will be optimzed for different and specific heating environments. The range of new ablator forumations will satisfy identified needs for thermal protection of Earth and planetary entry vehicles, high-speed tactical missiles, and launch vehicles. A new manufacturing process allows greater levels of fiber and fabric reinforcements if the ablators within this family. Enhanced reinforcement provides greater ruggedness and higher performance at a reduced ablator weight. Also, manufacturing costs are either competitive lower compared to currently-used methods.

The technical results of this project have excellent and far-reaching commercial applications. Today, there is a significant shortage of ablative-heat-shield materials to meet near-term needs of NASA, Department of Defense and the Aerospace industry. There is a broad range of thermal envioronments for which protection is needed, and this generates the requirement for a "family" of ablatives. A successful Phase I and Phase II should result in commercial production of a range of heat shield products, and these might be supplied both as heat shield "kits" and as heat shield subassemblies.

Noel H. Ethridge
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
4300 San Mateo Blvd., NE, Suite A220
Albuquerque, NM 87110

Applied Research Associates, Inc.
4300 San Mateo Blvd., NE, Suite A220
Albuquerque, NM 87110

PROJECT TITLE : Saturable Self-Sensing Magnetic Bearings

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed SBIR Phase I project focuses on ferromagnetic saturation effects in "self-sensing" active magnetic bearings (AMBs), which employ collars of electromagnets to levitate rotors. AMBs completely eliminate mechanical contact and the concomitant needs for lubrication systems and continual maintenance. Stable on-line operation requires that controllers be provided the instantaneous values of rotor displacement (in both transverse directions) and coil currents. Self-sensing AMBs exploit the fact the inductive coupling between rotor and stator is displacement-dependent; the driving current signals thus provide sufficient information to infer rotor position.

The demodulation process, however, becomes complicated in the saturation regime because the displacement as a function of coupling inductance is nonlinear and not even single-valued. Other nonlinear effects that may complicate inductance measurements and displacement inference are hysteresis, eddy currents, and flux leakage. In the proposed research, we shall develop a dynamical simulation model that accounts for saturation and interpolar coupling effects, explore a differential sensing scheme for overcoming the indeterminacy of displacement, and develop a closed-loop control methodology to simulate AMB operation under saturation.

Magnetic bearings offer decisive advantages over fluid-film and rolling-element bearings: absence of mechanical contact, elimination of need for lubrication systems, ability to operating in extreme thermal and chemical environments. Magnetic bearings capable of operating under saturation can support maximal load capacities; this will have profound implications in avionic and aerospace engine technology. Elimination of displacement sensors promises to solve major design impediment: high cost of specialized sensors, difficulty of deploying such instrumentation in extreme environments, placement of sensors within the bearing apparatus, wire routing, added parts and material count. Sensor elimination will enjoy the greatest commercial impact in high-volume, low-cost magnetic bearing applications: small pumps, air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors, energy-storing flywheels for automotive applications.

Edward C. Larson
Barron Associates, Inc.
3046A Berkmar Drive
Charlottesville, VA 22901-1444

Barron Associates, Inc.
3046A Berkmar Drive
Charlottesville, VA 22901-1444

PROJECT TITLE : Damping of Aerodynamic Instability with Active Tip Clearance Control

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal addresses the development of a novel system for improving the surge and stall characteristics in axial compressors in gas turbine engines and other systems. The innovation lies in the use of a magnetic bearing system to actively control tip clearance in the compressor stages. Temporal and circumferential pressure variations indicative of the growth and propagation of a rotating stall disturbance wave are detected with conventional pressure transducers. The signals from these transducers are processed and a "tip clearance schedule" is developed and presented to the magnetic bearing. The tip clearance is modified by the magnetic bearing to damp the aerodynamic instability. Previous studies show that active damping of aerodynamic instability may improve stalling coefficients by 25%.In Phase I, the feasibility will be demonstrated with design studies and computer simulations. The system will be built and tested in a full-scale engine rig in Phase II.

The development of an advanced system to improve the reduce the propensity for compressor instability would provide significant benefits to users of gas turbine engines in extending performance envelopes, preventative maintenance, life optimization, life cycle costs, and reliability.

Dr. Victor Iannello
Synchrony Inc.
7777 Bent Mountain Road
Roanoke, VA 24018

Synchrony Inc.
7777 Bent Mountain Road
Roanoke, VA 24018

PROJECT TITLE : : Energy Momentum Wheels (EMWs) For Satellites and Other Applications With Gain-Scheduled Controllers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed research project will address the application of Energy Momentum Wheels (EMWs), in the form of a high energy density rotor supported in active magnetic bearings, to satellite systems through the use of robust control algorithms. An EMW combines the function of energy storage (a battery) and momentum management (an attitude control momentum wheel) into a single device. Two such devices may be able to provide the complete energy storage and attitude control for many satellite missions. The successful application of the EMW to satellite systems holds the promise of significantly reducing a satelliteÕs mass and cost when contrasted with traditional satellite architecture which separates energy storage and momentum management functions. Active magnetic bearing technology, in particular, is of critical importance for an efficient EMW, due to advantages which include very high speed operation, no lubrication requirement, no wear, low power consumption, and active vibration control capability. Currently, control algorithms for magnetic bearing-supported flywheels do not have the desired adaptive and damping properties for EMWs. In the proposed research project Gain-Scheduled Controllers will be investigated and developed. Additionally, a preliminary experimental validation will be performed to demonstrate stability, robustness, automatic balancing and vibration reduction of active magnetic bearings for EMW systems.

AFS is convinced that the successful magnetic bearing controller and associated magnetic bearing design development and test program, as proposed herein, will offer an absolutely crucial enabling technology foundation for full commercialization and timely deployment of Electro-Mechanical Flywheel Batteries (EMFBÕs). This EMFB program will provide a pivotal technological base for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion, an energy storage and delivery system for industrial and utility use and the ability to support renewable energy such as from solar or wind power.

Mr. John V. Coyner
American Flywheel Systems, Inc.
17700 West Colfax
Golden, CO 80401

American Flywheel Systems, Inc.
Post Office Box 449
Medina Washington 98039

PROJECT TITLE : A Multimedia Tool for Multidisciplinary Optimization of High Temperature Structures.

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal develops a unique way of integrating multi-disciplinary optimization technology with reliability based methods of analysis for general purpose synthesis of high temperature propulsion components. The idea is to provide a tool which can integrate and communicate with general and special purpose simulation packages for reliability and cost analyses, sensitivity analysis through automatic differentiation, and more importantly provision of design modification and optimization capability. The proposed system provides a seamless integration of thermal, dynamic and strength analysis by taking the uncertain and random information of materials, environment, processes during optimal synthesis. Reliability based Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (RMDO) also conducts what-if cost trade-off studies and design modifications of the engine structures to meet the stringent and ambitious performance requirements. Computational efficiency in reliability analysis has been a long sought goal and with the use of high quality function approximations, the concept can be accomplished. As a by product of this development, a multimedia tool for stand-alone probabalistic analysis using efficient mathematical approaches for integrating with any of the commercially available simulation packages becomes available. To demonstrate RMDO, applications from aircraft engine manufacturers and NASA HSCT and HiTemp program offices will be taken.

The proposed software design tool will directly benefit NASA in the developmental efforts of HSCT, AST, EPM and Smart Green Engine structures. The reliability based optimization tool greatly assists engine, airframe and automotive manufacturers in their product development as well as reducing life cycle costs. MRI will benefit by marketing the software and providing consulting and contract services.

Edward Wright,
Multidisciplinary Research, Inc.,
10275 Cherry Tree Terrace
Dayton, Ohio 45458-9431

Multidisciplinary Research, Inc.
10275 Cherry Tree Terrace
Dayton, Ohio 45458-9431

PROJECT TITLE : Design, Reliability Evaluation and Life Prediction of Ceramic Components Fabricated by Preceramic Polymer Pyrolysis

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Foster-Miller proposes to develop a reliability analysis and life prediction capability for ceramic structural components fabricated by the preceramic polymer approach. Foster-Miller is currently developing the preceramic polymer approach for producing net-shape ceramic and ceramic matrix composite components at affordable cost. Components derived by the preceramic polymer approach may contain some sub-micron size residual porosity and can have a composite microstructure.

The Foster-Miller analysis will be based on NASA-developed CARES and CARES/LIFE methodologies. Initially, the preceramic polymer pyrolysis-derived components will be treated as homogeneous. A large number of coupons will be fabricated and subjected to fast fracture to generate the necessary data for developing the model parameters. Then a typical component geometry will be selected for developing the finite element model and predicting the reliability and life.

In Phase II, longer term coupon level testing (cyclic fatigue, static fatigue and creep at room and elevated temperatures) will be continued for additional data input to the model. The model component will be subjected to system level testing. The test data will be used to validate the model predictions. Also, the model will be fine tuned to incorporate the composite nature of the preceramic polymer derived components.

The technology developed under this Phase I program will lead to reliability analysis and life prediction capability for preceramic polymer derived ceramics and ceramic composites components. The analytical capability will be applicable to many different components in aircraft turbine engines, land-based turbines, automobile diesel engines etc. The ability to analyze the reliability and predict component life will enable wide-spread use of ceramic and ceramic composite components fabricated by the net-shape, affordable preceramic polymer approach.

Dr. Prashant Karandikar, Project Engineer
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : Industry Standard Rolling Bearing Life Estimation Program

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The work proposed (Figure 1) is a first step towards an 'Industry Standard Life Estimation Program' for Rolling Bearings. Phase I will focus on a single ball bearing model with innovative STRESS BASED-Variable Stressed Volume fatigue life models and choice of decisive stress and fatigue life estimates per the classical theory and more recent theories of Ioannides/Harris or Weibull/Zaretsky. The model will account for changing cartesian stresses and resulting stressed volume as the equilibrium state of the ball changes within the bearing. Stress contributions from Hertzian contact, press fit, centrifugal force, residual stress and axial clamping are included. The model will include developments in bearing technology from the 1970's through the 1990's incorporating STLE Life Factor (1992) modification of the standard ISO/ABMA load based rating methods. Many of these Life Factors evolved from NASA funded/conducted work.

Standard rating methods do not account for applications factors such as internal clearance, distortion, misalignment, etc. These methods are load based as opposed to stress based and employ a constant stressed volume. Introduction of stress based life models into computer programs that can quantify these effects and can track actual stressed volume will lead to more accurate bearing life prediction and sizing.

Joseph V. Poplawski
President.
J.V. Poplawski & Associates
1480 Valley Center Pky
Bethlehem, PA 18017

*** Same as Above ****

PROJECT TITLE : Scandia, Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings don't have the desired long term, high temperature stability which is needed for advanced aerospace propulsion applications. The coatings undergo phase transformations, are attacked by molten salts, and sinter and shrink, which reduces their strain tolerance, and leads to short service lifetimes.

In this program we develop and optimize the very promising new materials systemof scandia, yttria co-stabilized zirconia which exhibits exceptional high temperature phase stability and corrosion resistance. A sol-gel synthesis technique is employed for producing compositionally homogeneous plasma spray powders comprising spherical particles of predetermined size distribution.

Commercial applications include coatings for jet engine gas turbine components, rocket components, high temperature components for supersonic transport propulsion systems, industrial gas turbines, and electric utility combustion turbines.

Dr. Derek Mess
Cambridge Microtech, Inc.
100 Inman Street, Suite 301
Cambridge, MA 02139

Cambridge Microtech, Inc.
100 Inman Street, Suite 301
Cambridge, MA 02139

PROJECT TITLE : Ceramic Matrix Composites with Net-Shape Single Crystal YAG Reinforcement

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Oxide fiber - oxide matrix type of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are candidate materials for turbine engine components operating at temperatures up to 1700¡C. Polycrystalline oxide fibers however, lack the creep resistance required at that temperature. Currently available (commercial and experimental) oxide single crystal fibers have large diameter (~125 mm), are extremely expensive and are subject to damage and strength reduction during handling and preforming.

Foster-Miller proposes an innovative method to fabricate CMCs with net-shape single crystal yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) reinforcement preforms. Compared to hexagonal sapphire, YAG is less anisotropic due to its cubic crystal structure. The net shape of the preform will eliminate handling and related damage and strength reduction. Most importantly, the creep resistance of single crystal YAG is an order magnitude higher than that of sapphire.

The objectives of the proposed effort are to fabricate single crystal YAG reinforcement preforms; infiltrate with model matrix; fabricate test coupons; and characterize the coupons. In the following Phase II, the objective will be to fabricate and validate prototype turbine components. Thus, the innovation will result in strong, highly creep resistant, oxidation resistant, net-shape reinforcement with tailorable interface for metallic, intermetallic and oxide matrices as desired by the subtopic.

The technology developed under this Phase I program will lead to high performance, high temperature, and substantially improved CMCs that are low-cost and commercially viable. The areas which will most immediately benefit from the success of this technology include: advanced gas turbine engine components, rocket engines, and armor.

Dr. Prashant G. Karandikar
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : : EFFICIENT PRODUCTION OF CAST TITANIUM ALUMINIDE COMPONENTS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINES

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Phase I project seeks to develop an efficient production technology for cast gamma titanium aluminide components for aircraft engines. The main goal of Phase I work is to demonstrate the feasibility of investment cast the Garrett TPE 731 fourth stage low pressure turbine (LPT) blade. The lower coefficient of thermal expansion, lower density (half that of nikel-base superalloy), and excellent oxidation resistance of titanium aluminides are attractive properties for this particular application. The following are the technical objectives for Phase I:

- Experimentally demonstrate that the selected LPT blade can be manufactured by net-shape (investment) casting.
- Experimentally determine the extent to which titanium aluminides can be recycled without adversely affecting mechanical properties.
- Determine the optimum combination of ingot manufacturing processes and casting processes by experimental and parametric variations of an existing manufacturing cost model developed under a previous NASA Phase I contract.

It is anticipated that replacing nickel-base superalloys by cast gamma titanium aluminides will increase the cyclic life of rotating components, as a result of reduction in centrifugal loads on the components.

If gamma titanium aluminide aircraft engine components can be manufactured in a cost-effective way, it is anticipated that widespread replacement of steel and nickel-based superalloys will occur for compressor and low pressure turbine components, combustor swirlers, transition duct hangers, and nozzle tile liners.

CASTEX
14657 S.W. TEAL BLVD., NO 260
BEAVERTON, OR 97007

PROJECT TITLE : : High Temperature Foil Thrust Bearings

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Recent advances in compliant surface foil bearings (CSFBs) and solid lubricant coatings, make potentially revolutionary engine improvements possible, as evidenced by journal CSFB operation in excess of 4.7 million DN, 6500C temperatures, specific load carrying capability higher than any existing bearing (5000 pound-per-pound of bearing weight), 100 lb-sec/in damping levels, and thousands of start stop cycles. Parallel developments addressing lubricant and performance requirements of thrust CSFBs have been lacking but, are essential if these technologies are to impact the advanced engines being pursued by NASA. While typical thrust CFSB tip speeds are limited to 800 ft/sec, speeds approaching or exceeding Mach 1 are expected. Of particular concern is the impact that the high temperatures and velocities (e.g., shock wave) will have on thrust bearing/lubricant performance and life.

The ultimate objective of this program is to develop an advanced thrust CSFB/solid lubricant system forhigh-speed and temperature turbomachinery. The outcome of Phase I will be a preliminary design of an oil-free test rig designed to operate to 80,000 rpm, temperatures >12000F, and loads to 300 pounds. This rig will be used in Phase II to develop and characterize full-scale, high-speed/temperature, thrust CSFB/lubricant systems for gas turbine engines, APUs and turbochargers.

Commercial potential exists for high temperature foil bearings in the aviation and automotive sectors as evidenced by their sustained interest in this technology and this proposed program. Aviation applications in small gas turbine engines, auxiliary power units and turbochargers will be realizable with these advanced foil bearings. Elimination of the lubricant supply system will permit simpler, lighter weight and more reliable engine designs capable of operating at higher temperatures and lower cooling flow requirements for more efficient engines. Dry expendable engines also become feasible with increased range and/or loiter time. Applications in the automotive sector exist for both turbochargers and gas turbine engines. Oil-free turbochargers eliminate sealing problems and their adverse effects on pollutioncontrol and engine durability. Expansion of market presence will also be enhanced in cryogenicturbopumps, air cycle machinery, and turboexpanders with the introduction of advanced solid lubricated foil bearing systems. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL Hooshang Heshmat, Ph.D. Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc. 1059 Belridge Rd. Niskayuna, NY 12309-4717

Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.
1059 Belridge Rd.
Niskayuna, NY 12309-4717

PROJECT TITLE : Safe Polyimides for Low-Cost Manufacturing of High-Temperature Composites.

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Composites offer cost and weight savings up to 30% over metallic structures. For high-temperature polymeric composite applications, the system of choice is PMR-15. However, this resin contains a known animal carcinogen and human liver and kidney toxin called MDA. The seriousness of MDA as a health hazard has caused OSHA to issue strict regulations regarding handling of the chemical. The cost of compliance with these regulations severely impacts the competitiveness of the U.S. composite industry.

The objective of this research is to synthesize low-toxicity, high-temperature polyimide systems without using MDA. Safe copolyimides will be formulated by utilizing two novel diamines, Bisaniline-P and Bisaniline-M. Diamine stoichiometry, polymer molecular weight, and processing parameters will be optimized to achieve equivalency to PMR-15 with respect to glass transition temperature and thermal oxidative stability. Composite variable stator vane bushings will be fabricated from these materials by using low-cost braided preforms.

Potential applications exist in the aerospace, chemical, and automotive industries where MDA-containing polymers such as epoxies, bismaleimides, and PMR-15 are widely utilized. Replacing MDA with low-toxicity diamines will result in significant environmental cost savings needed for the U.S. to remain competitive in global composite markets.

o Commercial and military aircraft and aircraft engine structures.
o High-temperature pump housings for the chemical industry.
o High-temperature, light-weight automotive engine parts.

Dr. Robert A. Gray
Maverick Corporation
1776 Mentor Ave Suite 185
Cincinnati, Ohio 45212

Maverick Corporation
1776 Mentor Ave Suite 185
Cincinnati, Ohio 45212

PROJECT TITLE : Computer Simulation of Smart Structural Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

To fully utilize the potential of smart structural technology and to reduce the time and cost of development a systematic simulation, design and evaluation, and prototype refinement of these structures is required. This systematic design and refinement process can only be materialized with a robust, effective, and user friendly simulation tools. This R &D effort is geared toward this direction with the following objectives:

Accurate simulation of shape memory alloys and piezoelectric components as sensors and actuators.
Accurate presentation of the kinematics of multilayered smart structures with special application to composite laminates.
Accurate modeling of coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal interactions of sensors and actuators with the host material in smart structures.
Synthesizing control algorithms for active shape control and vibration stabilization and noise reduction.
Active shape control design of composite plates and shells using memory alloys.
Predicting effectiveness of active structures for real world application and recommending improvements.

The simulation package will have tremendous commercial application in aerospace, mechanical, civil , and medical engineering. It will be used as a tool in addressing critical issues of today's smart structure technology such as scaling versus full size structures and cost effectiveness. As a design tool it will provide modeling of structures for controllability, vibration attenuation, static adjustment and active shape control.

Dr. M. Panahandeh
Berkeley Applied Science & Engineering Inc. (BASE)
5 Third St. Suite 530
San Francisco, CA 94103

Berkeley Applied Science & Engineering Inc. (BASE)
5 Third St. Suite 530
San Francisco, CA 94103

PROJECT TITLE : Large Area Piezoelectric Coating for Smart Aerospace Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose to develop a new class of piezoelectric polymer materials. These piezoelectric materials will be distinguished by their inherent ability to show the piezoelectric effect without external processing steps such as poling and film drawing. The inherent properties of the material will make it possible to use the polymer as a coating material which will allow additional applications to become feasible. Our technical approach combines molecular self-assembly of rod-coils to produce a piezoelectric polymer coating of high molecular weight. This material is expected to have properties which are similar to both existing polymer and ceramic piezoelectrics. The molecular self-assembly concept circumnavigates many of the morphology based problems inherent in semicrystalline polymers which reduce their theoretical piezoelectric response significantly. In addition, our technology can be tailored in its chemical functionality to promote such features as adhesion to metals or polymers, environmental stability, or strong piezoelectric response in or out of the plane of the coating depending on the application.

The proposed inherently piezoelectric polymer will provide NASA with a piezoelectric coating material that can be tailored to withstand the extreme environments experienced in aerospace applications. This technology will have strong commercial potential in applications such as switches, tactile sensors, biosensors, acoustic instruments, micropositioners, and other applications where a piezoelectric coating could be advantageous.

Dr. Patricia Wilson, Project Engineer
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : Temperature-Compensated Magnetic Field Sensors for Optimized Materials Processing

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Innovation: Intelligent Fiber Optics Systems (IFOS) proposes an innovative fiber-optic magnetic field sensor based on an IFOS proprietary probe involving a combination of recently advanced materials systems of interest to NASA including first-time integration of temperature compensating two-wavelength sensitized optical fiber gratings and magnetostrictive coatings. IFOS further proposes to evaluate its sensor by first-time incorporation of temperature-compensated fiber magnetic-field sensors in plasma Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) equipment for real-time in-situ magnetic field monitoring to allow fabrication of thin-film magnetic read/write heads with higher yield and improved performance. Phase I Objectives involve feasibility demonstration via construction of a single temperature-compensated magnetic-field sensor for testing in PVD equipment. Phase I Tasks are to: (1) establish NASA and commercial sensor requirement and design details, (2) design and fabricate two-wavelength fiber grating probes, (3) design and fabricate magnetostrictive coated fiber probes, (4) construct, test, and evaluate prototype. NASA Applications/Benefits: The proposed sensor (1) has particular application to NASA's need for optimizing materials processing by providing real-time in-situ process sensing of a critical state parameter, magnetic field, in a key processing technology, (2) is multiplexible, electrically passive, light-weight, in-line, low-cost and mass-producible, (3) has high-sensitivity, low-power requirements, compactness, and full fiber-optic compatibility.

The proposed electrically-passive magnetic field sensors are based on technologies that lend themselves to mass-producible probes and readily manufactured sensor systems. The IFOS sensors will have significant impact in optimizing materials processing in the semiconductor/magnetic-storage manufacturing industries; moreover they have market potential for in-situ sensing in aerospace and other process-control applications, power utilities, medicine, including magnetic resonance applications, magnetosphere and magnetically-confinemed-plasma physics, advanced magnetic drives, etc. Direct and spin-off technology potential is evidenced by letters from potential industrial partners in both manufacture and use of the IFOS technology.

Dr. Richard J. Black
Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems
1778 Fordham Way, Mountain View, CA 94040

Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems (IFOS)
1778 Fordham Way, Mountain View, CA 94040

PROJECT TITLE : Electric Field Strictors for Cryogenic Actuators

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I program will address the fabrication and testing of piezoelectric and electrostrictors for high performance actuators and sensors operational at cryogenic temperatures. In collaboration with The Pennsylvania State University, the piezoelectric activity of perovskite Pb(Zr:Ti)O3 PZT ceramics will be compositionally engineered to compensate the shift in morophotropic phase boundary (MPB). For timite temperature usage, electrostrictors within the perovskite (1-x)SrTiO3-(x)BaTiO3 solid solution will be explored. In this one system, the large dielectric maximum at Tc and, thus large electrostrictive strain, can be readily varied for specific temperaturesincluding 20 K(liquid H2), 77 K (liquid N2) and 90 K (liquid O2) environments.

The Phase I research will provide a basis for further compositional optimization and processing in Phase II, that includes the manufacturing of monolithic sensors and multilayer actuator components.

Commercialization of both cryogenic piezoelectric and electrostrictive actuators and senosrs is projected based on current and pending NASA space applications including adaptive mirror control (20K) and fuel level sensors (liquid H2).

Dr. Wesley Hackenberger
Director of R&D
TRS Ceramics, Inc.
2820 East College Avenue, Suite J
State College, PA 16801

TRS Ceramics, Inc.
2820 East College Avenue, Suite J
State College, PA 16801

PROJECT TITLE : LaRCÔ-SI, as a Substrate for Embedded Electronic Circuits

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

LaRCÔ-SI, a soluble polyimide, developed by NASA has properties applicable to the development of conformal printed circuit boards (PCB). In the past, industry has been hampered in the design of conformal PCB's due to the requirements for electronic components to be mounted on rigid substrates using adhesives. LaRCÔ-SI can be applied to malleable substrates without adhesives to produce conformal high performance PCBs. This would allow the placement of circuits on composite materials for use on systems and subsystems for the aerospace and automotive industries, and the development of wearable personal electronics. This research will investigate the unique properties of LaRCÔ-SI for use in three separate, but complementary applications: 1) conformal circuits for NASA and US Military aerospace vehicles and subsystems, 2) automotive vehicle electronics to reduce size, weight and space, and 3) personal electronic devices such as: wrist watch styled GPS devices, pagers; belt computers, or vital signs monitoring devices for telemedicine. Products built with conformal PCBs using LaRCÔ-SI would be more reliable, and reduce the time and complexity of the manufacturing process. The application of this unique polyimide has significant potential for developing small and innovative devices that have unlimited commercial applications.

Embedded electronic circuits on conformal substrates have applications in creating a variety of wearable electronic devices, automotive electronics, and embedded circuits on high performance NASA vehicles. Wearable electronic devices with applications in personal safety and telemedicine can be produced when LaRCÔ-SI is combined with surface mount technologies and miniaturized chips. Reduced size and weight of electronic devices will facilitate the unobtrusive wearing of personal and medical devices. The major advantage of LaRCÔ-SI is in the use of conformal substrates without adhesives allowing circuits to be placed in locations heretofore not possible. The total market potential for wearable electronics such as medical devices is not available at this time. However, information reviewed by this researcher (e.g., trade publications, medical literature, and searches of the Internet) indicates a potential market in the billion dollar range.

Richard Shaner
Arrowhead Technologies
10 San Jose Drive, Suite 4-B
Newport News, VA 23606
email: shanerd@arrowheadtech.com

Arrowhead Technologies
10 San Jose Drive, Suite 4-B
Newport News, VA 23606

PROJECT TITLE : Processing of Ultrathin Poly Arylene Ether Benzimidazole (PAEBI) for Aerospace Systems and Structures

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Triton Systems proposes a Phase I SBIR program to process commercial grade poly arylene ether benzimidazole (PAE-TOR) polymer films and structures in support of three space and electronic missions. PAE-TOR is selected for its exceptional durability in the harsh environment of low earth orbit (LEO). In the case of its use for electronic packaging, PAE-TOR has shown significant performance and cost advantages compared to the state of the art polyimides. These applications include:

¥ LÕGardeÕs Inflatables Antenna Experiment (IAE)
¥ Lockheed MartinÕs Flexible Electronic Circuitry for Flexible Solar Arrays, and
¥ Commercial Flexible Electronic Packaging for Biomedical Implants.

Specifically, the proposed Phase I will scale up the synthesis of PAE-TOR to generate multi-pound quantities of PAE-TOR polymer in a single batch. The resulting PAE-TOR polymer will be used to produce rolls of PAE-TOR film in a variety of thickness ranging from 0.00025 in (7.5 µm) to 0.001 in (25 µm). For flexible electronic packaging applications, PAE-TOR will be cast directly onto 1/2 and 1 oz. copper web as the carrier substrate.

The success of the proposed effort will mark the first time ever, PAE-TOR polymer will have been processed into ultrathin film and coating format using commercial processing equipment. This success will translate into cost-effective and high performance structures for low earth orbit, space electronics and flexible electronics.

Triton Systems, Inc.
114 Turnpike Road
Chelmsford, MA 01824

PROJECT TITLE : Commercial Production of LaRC Polyimide Films Using Continuous Roll Technology

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A need exists for economical versatile machinery for continuous precision casting of LaRC CP1 and LaRC CP2 polyimides, developed by NASA, in prototype or small-run quantities. Most existing film casting machinery is designed for large scale production, and entails a large capital investment. SRS's innovative solution casting technology, developed for fabrication of precision doubly-curved thin film structures for space deployable solar concentrators and antennas, may be efficiently transferred to casting of continuous polymer films. By the SRS process, arbitrarily wide films may be cast without requiring use of precision rolls or extrusion dies. The concept feasibility will be demonstrated in Phase I, and a small-scale production machine will be developed in Phase II, and product film runs will be characterized.

SRS has identified a market for high performance polyimide films. These polyimides have applications in the space and electronics industry. The film casting machine proposed will enable production of high quality poliymide films in roll quantities at realistic cost.

James P. Paxton
SRS Technologies
500 Discovery Drive
Huntsville, Alabama 35806

SRS Technologies
500 Discovery Drive
Huntsville, Alabama 35806

PROJECT TITLE : Lightweight Carbon-Carbon Spacecraft Radiator with Flexible Heat Pipes

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Heat pipes are accepted technology on satellites for transferring waste heat to radiators due to their isothermal operation and excellent reliability. The innovation to be developed here is a flexible, impermeable, fabric heat pipe that will: 1) eliminate CTE problems between the heat pipe and the radiator and, 2) reduce the weight of the entire radiator. These two goals will be attained by the use of a flexible heat pipe that is fabricated out of strong, but lightweight, flexible materials. The heat-pipe container can be thought of as an impermeable liner, similar to an inner tube on a bicycle tire. The heat pipes can be used with carbon/carbon, Gr/Ep, or aluminum radiators. The flexible heat pipes will improve the structural efficiency of small satellites, manned platforms, and associated instrumentation subsystems. In Phase I, the feasibility of making a flexible heat pipe will be demonstrated, and issues such as material selection and compatibility will be resolved. In Phase II, a radiator test specimen will be designed, fabricated, and tested with flexible heat pipes. The heat-pipe radiator tests in Phase II will demonstrate the suitability of flexible heat pipes for spacecraft radiators to eliminate CTE problems and reduce weight.

There are numerous commercial applications for flexible heat pipes. The first is in spacecraft radiators. Satellites of all kinds (communications, environmental monitoring, etc.) are a rapidly expanding industry. The development of flexible heat pipes opens up an entirely new market for heat pipes. Applications may include heat pipes for home temperature control and isothermal flexible heating pads for medical purposes.

Dr. David E. Glass
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

PROJECT TITLE : Miniaturized Fiber Optic Distributed Strain Sensor (DSS) System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The next generation reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) will require a multi-sensor nodes for health monitoring of cryogenic tanks. These envisioned multi-sensor nodes will be in a Multi-Chip Module form factor and will feature real-time, in-situ monitoring of distributed strain, temperature and hydrogen. The distributed strain and hydrogen sensors (DSS and DHS) are currently being developed at NASA Langley and are based on fiber optic Bragg grating technology. These sensors are initially being implemented in VME form for the X-33 but have not been implemented into the proper MCM form factor for space based RLV usage. Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC) proposes to design a MCM based fiber optic distributed strain sensor (DSS) system which will provide for a highly compact, radiation hardened, space flight qualified sensor system for use in the next generation RLVs. This design will be based on the NASA Langley DSS VME implementation design which is currently being developed for the X33 program. Building upon SPEC's current fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS), ASIC and MCM technologies, SPEC is well qualified and capable of developing a miniaturized DSS MCM package for future NASA RLV health monitoring applications.

The use of a compact, miniaturized distributed strain sensor system has both military and commercial applications providing monitoring of composite materials, bridge monitoring, civil structures, spacecraft fuel tanks, and engine health monitoring. SPEC has identified a wide range of applications in building health and safety monitoring, fiber optic chemical and biological sensors, pressure monitoring, process control and medical instrumentation.

Name: Dr. Robert C. Chin
Organization and address is the same as Offeror.

Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC)
Phone: (512) 306-1100
401 Camp Craft Road
Austin, TX 78746-6558

PROJECT TITLE : Micromachining of Electronic X-Ray Low-Cost Imager for Digital NDE Microradiography

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In Phase I of the program, LEEOAT Company will develop and optimize the conceptual design and fabrication strategy for a high performance and cost-effective x-ray focal plane array detector and digital microradiographic system for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) applications. The detector architecture is based on LEEOAT Company novel micromachining technology and ultra precision packaging. This high resolution matrix detector will replace films in NDE industrial radiographic applications. We will demonstrate the device fabrication feasibility and perform tests on its unique characteristics to predict its performance for microradiographic x-ray imaging applications. We will theoretically model the detector and will estimate the fabrication and testing costs of the prototype in Phase II of the program. This x-ray electronic low-cost real-time imaging system will render tremendous benefits for military and civilian NDE applications.

The development of electronic x-ray imaging detector will open a large window of opportunity of replacing films in a variety of x-ray microadiographic NDE applications, as well as military and civilian opportunities for x-rayindustrial as well as medical diagnostic applications.

Dr. E. Wiener-Avnear
LEEOAT "LasEr ElectroOptic Application Technology" Company
2631 Colibri Lane
Carlsbad, CA 92009

LEEOAT "LasEr ElectroOptic Application Technology" Company
2631 Colibri Lane
Carlsbad, CA 92009

PROJECT TITLE : An Advanced Thermal Analysis Microscope for In Situ Measurement of Material Properties

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Many of today's advanced material systems are composite structures employing a complex assortment of particles, fibers, films, or coatings. When these materials are used as thermal conductors, e.g., diamond films, or when they must operate over broad temperature ranges, e.g., ceramic composites, it is important to characterize their thermal performance especially at the various interfaces between components. However, measurements such as thermal conductivity, bond quality, or crack detection can be difficult when the features of interest are small or the specimen is undergoing testing. We propose to overcome these difficulties by developing an advanced thermal analysis microscope (TAM) that will be capable of measuring the aforementioned material properties during thermal, mechanical, or environmental testing. The proposed system will provide wide area coverage for specimen temperatures ranging from below room temperature up to and exceeding 2000 F. Several innovations are proposed to facilitate through-thickness thermal conductivity measurements in highly conductive coatings, thermal radiance measurement in low emissivity materials such as gold, solder, and aluminum, and enhanced subsurface defect detection.

The advanced TAM will capture a number of valuable measurements including crack length, temperature, thermal conductivity, and subsurface damage detection. Applications for such capabilities include crack detection in high-temperature turbine materials, thermal conductivity and defect detection in electronic and electro-optic packages, fiber/matrix characterization in composites research, and thermal gradient measurements in catalyst development.

Mr. Gary B. White
QUEST Integrated, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

QUEST Integrated, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

PROJECT TITLE : Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Shear Wave Imaging

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This project proposes to develop a three-dimensional nondestructive imaging technique for thick samples that uses focused ultrasonic shear waves. Using shear waves provides for better resolution and deeper sample interrogation than using longitudinal or mixed-mode imaging. Digital Signal Processing optimizes the point spread function to improve sensitivity and resolution throughout the depth of the sample. Additional novel processing removes reflections from sample boundaries, increasing sensitivity to nearby defects. The proposed technique is useful for characterizing material properties, and detecting defects such as cracks, voids, corrosion, and poor bonds. It is designed for use on isotropic and layered material systems such as metals, polymers, glasses, ceramics, light metallic alloys, metal laminates. It should also work on weakly anisotropic composites and it may be possible to refine the technique to work on more anisotropic composites. Phase I will build a prototype to test the approach on planar samples made of aluminum and several composite materials. Phase II will build a more advanced prototype that is easily tailored to different materials and samples with curved geometry. Phase III will incorporate this technique into commercial NDE systems.

The proposed technique would provide an improved capability for NDE of thick samples. The techniques combination of 3D imaging, improved resolution, increased working distance, and sensitivity to vertical cracks will provide a cost effective means of testing thick samples that is not currently available.

Dr. Paul Reinholdtsen
Metrium
3767 Bay Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025

Metrium
3767 Bay Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025

PROJECT TITLE : Braze Joining of Dissimilar Materials for Furnace Components

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Joints between very dissimilar materials - e.g. metal-to-ceramic, are required in a number of aerospace, commercial and industrial systems. Brazing is often the preferred joining technique owing to compatibility, performance, cost and scalability advantages. However, the traditional brazed dissimilar material joints are likely to have a relatively low strength because of the high residual stress in the joint region. Also, brazing compounds frequently use active metal additions to promote wetting of the adherend surfaces. Though active metal additions do increase the joint strength in the short term, it has been shown that under elevated temperature operation, the joint strength falls with time. Foster-Miller's unique braze joint concept approach overcomes both brazing problems.

During Phase I, Foster-Miller will demonstrate an innovative, practical and low cost brazing technology for elevated temperature dissimilar material joints. The Phase I program will involve selection of materials to be joined with input from NASA COTR, design and build-up of the braze product form, fabrication of joint coupons, and testing consisting of physical characterization and mechanical, thermal cycling. The follow-on Phase II program will involve refinement of desgin, materials, procedures and process parameters. Phase II joint coupons will be subjected to a comprehensive test plan. A demonstration article of specific interest to NASA will be built during Phase II. The Phase II program will involve the following commercialization partners - braze product manufacturer, brazing service provider, NASA systems integrator.

Brazing is commonly used for joining of metallic and ceramic materials. The proposed technology has commercial applications involving attachment of dissimilar materials. These include: compact furnace components, hypersonic plane structures, rocket and gas turbine engines, X-ray and semiconductor sputtering targets, and industrial applications such as attachment of tubular products in pipelines, heat exchangers, chemical, oil drilling and mining slurry transport tubes, etc. Additionally, a reliable, practical and low cost joining technique for dissimilar materials will provide a new dimension for reducing component cost for designers, e.g. use different materials in strategic regions of a component.

Uday Kashalikar, Technology Area Leader
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : Novel Adhesives for Space Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Adhesives for bonding and joining structures are needed that must operate in the extreme environments of space. Those environments include a wide operating temperature range from cryogenic to 227*C, vacuum, and often radiation. It is difficult to formulate adhesives with the required properties for use in that environment. We propose to investigate a novel polymer system based on liquid crystalline thermosets (LCTs) for use in space qualified adhesive systems. These systems offer the potential advantages of good fracture toughness at low temperatures while retaining good high temperature properties. In addition, they exhibit low moisture absorption, low outgassing, low thermal expansion coefficients, and good chemical and thermal stability needed for space applications. The adhesive material will be modeled on known examples of melt-processable or thermotropic LCTs. The inherent low melt viscosity of liquid crystalline materials should bring about several processing advantages in adhesive applications and blending with thermoplastic liquid crystalline polymers can be used to control viscosity and fracture toughness in the final adhesive formulation.

If the results anticipated from this work are indeed obtained, significant commercial interest in the high-temperature adhesives that will be a direct result of this work is expected. In addition, the guidelines developed for further LCT adhesive research and the relationships noted between chemical structure and adhesive bond properties will be a tremendous aid to developing the next generation of adhesives suitable for use at even higher temperatures.

Dr. Andrea E. Hoyt
Adherent Technologies,
9621 Camino del Sol NE,
Albuquerque, NM 87111

Adherent Technologies,
9621 Camino del Sol NE,
Albuquerque, NM 87111

PROJECT TITLE : Atomic Oxygen Resistant Coatings

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Development of a new class of thin-film coatings for protection of materials in the space environment is proposed. The coatings are derived from amorphous silicon-carbon, silicon-boron and boron-carbide alloy films deposited at low to intermediate temperatures (100oC - 400oC) by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). These films can be modified by additions of nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine to produce coatings that are resistant to atomic oxygen erosion, have controllable optical properties over solar and thermal infrared spectral ranges, and have exceptional chemical stability. Specific innovations include: the use of amorphous Si, C, and B alloys as barriers to atomic oxygen erosion; the use of N, O, and F doping to modulate solar absorptance (as), thermal emittance (e), and index of refraction; and, the use of phosphorus doping to control the electronic conductivity of the coatings. These innovations will lead to atomic-oxygen-resistant coatings for thermal blankets, composites, ceramics, sensor windows, and optical transparencies that are exposed to the space environment. The coatings are non-outgassing, nonflammable, nontoxic, and have no adverse environmental effects from either their manufacture or disposal. The coatings will further provide a high degree of protection from moisture and environmental contaminants during prelaunch handling and storage.

Commercial applications include coatings for AO protection on a variety of spacecraft surfaces including thermal control blankets, structural composites, sensor windows, and other optical components. Terrestrial applications in coatings for optical filters; ophthalmic lenses; view ports; visors; and protective eyewear are anticipated.

Dr. Stuart F. Cogan
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062

EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062

PROJECT TITLE : Two degree-of-Freedom Spherical Pointing Actuator

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Amherst Systems proposes the development of a low-cost high performance miniature two degree-of-freedom (DOF) pan-tilt pointing mechanism for mobile robot active vision. Conventional pan-tilt mechanisms consist of coupled 1-DOF motors whose kinematics chain imposes large payload requirements for weight (several pounds), torque (up to tens of foot-pounds), and power (several hundred watts) that are impractical in small mobile platform applications. The proposed system is a spherical pointing actuator (SPA) that reduces the kinematics chain and payload requirements by integrating both degrees of freedom into one rotary actuator. The SPA is uniquely suited for applications requiring accurate, rapid (500 /sec), wide angle excursion (90 ) pointing of small mass (tens of grams) with little power (hundreds of milliamps, 10W) and space (on the order of one cubic inch). The SPA consists of four coils (two per DOF) mounted on the sides of a tetrahedral damped magnetic circuit that acts upon a gimbaled magnet, which supports a visual sensor gazing out the circuit's open base. This design features wider excursion and simpler control (damped dynamics, tendency to 0 gaze, no home position coil required) than spherical pointing motor designs that do not use magnetic circuitry. The SPA directly supports NASA rover and extravehicular programs.

The proposed system's efficient gazing permits smaller and more reliable active vision systems for autonomous security, automatic target recognition, unmanned ground and air vehicles, commercial robots, smart weapons, and smart vehicles. An SPA combined with a foveal imager provides wide field-of-view to improve search, fast frame rate to improve tracking, and high localized acuity to improve recognition. Low-cost conventional components and fabrications procedures assure commercial feasibility.

Amherst Systems Inc.
30 Wilson Road
Buffalo, New York 14221-7082

PROJECT TITLE : Pharaoh's Drive Piezoelectric Motor

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed effort focuses on the need for precision robotic manipulators and effectors for space applications. Specifically, a innovative piezoelectric motor is proposed that has application to weight and size critical missions. The proposed motor is a novel concept that is based on the mechanics which are thought to have been used to move the obelisks of ancient Egypt. In building the pyramids, the pharaohs moved very large stones great distances using a stored strain-energy method. By utilizing this ancient obelisk transportation theory an extremely simple, robust piezoelectric actuator, the Pharaoh's Drive Motor, will be realized. The Pharaoh's Drive motor has the advantage of holding a constant force while consuming no power. Additionally, it will be able to step quasi-staticly from nanometers to tens of centimeters. The Pharaoh's drive motor will be light-weight, compact, and is suitable to operating at cryogenic temperature. Rather than reliance on moving parts, the proposed actuator would be solid state and directly use piezoelectric elements for motion and force generation. The simplicity of the motor concept allows compatibility to space missions. It is envisioned that the proposed Pharaoh's Drive motor will readily form a building block for much more complex robotic systems.

The proposed Pharaoh's Drive motor concept has application to any mechanism which requires small size, large-power density, long stroke, precision actuators. The Pharaoh Drive can be easily configured as either a linear or rotary motor. These motors can be used as robotic manipulators for grasping and manipulating objects, industrial manufacturing, or as precision positioners for both high and low tech instruments.

David Newton
Garman Systems, Inc.
2401 21st Ave South, Suite 102
Nashville, TN 37212

Garman Systems, Inc.
2401 21st Ave South, Suite 102
Nashville, TN 37212

PROJECT TITLE : The xRAP System: A Modular Architecture for Executing and Monitoring Plan Sequences

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A growing number of NASA projects require intelligent components based on advanced, task- level control systems. The private sector is also in need of advanced, high-autonomy systems for the control of flexible manufacturing cells, automated warehouses, and complex plant processes. Current commercial control systems support task-level control of complex processes in dynamic environments in only the most rudimentary way.

We propose to develop the xRAP system, as a commercial, extendible, portable system for creating, monitoring, and executing task plan sequences. The xRAP system is based on the Reactive Action Plan (RAP) task execution system used in a variety of NASA research projects at JSC, JPL and Ames (with a specialized version being currently being implemented to fly on the New Millennium missions at JPL). The xRAP system includes significant innovations: porting the system to a faster, smaller programming language such as C and C++; creating a more modular implementation that will allow "lighter," less capable variants when processing is limited; incorporating recent lessons learned from the New Millennium Project and other NASA implementations; and enhancing user programming and debugging interfaces to simplify the process of creating, monitoring and modifying task control plans.

The xRAP system will provide a flexible, generally applicable software system for robotic control. As robotic systems move into more and more unstructured environments software will be needed to provide flexible action and reaction to a changing environment. Unstructured environments such as hazardous or nuclear waste sites, undersea mine detection, battlefields, terrestrial and extraterrestrial planetary exploration are all natural fits for the xRAP system. Further applications for the xRAP system are home and factory automation, as home and factory control systems move beyond simple control systems to custom-built systems that work in changing environments. Finally, there are potential advantages to using the xRAP system as one part of the control architecture for intelligent software agents who can manage the fluid nature of the Internet and the World Wide Web.

William A. Fitzgerald
Intell/Agent Systems
1840 Oak
Evanston IL 60201

Intell/Agent Systems
1840 Oak
Evanston IL 60201

PROJECT TITLE : Distributed Planning and Simulation System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This research will develop the Distributed Planning and Simulation System (DPSS) to enable design, implementation, programming, monitoring and diagnostics of manufacturing systems over the Internet. DPSS will allow collaboration of personnel without requiring them to be co-located with the manufacturing system or, equally importantly, without requiring them to have a planning system purchased and installed on a computer at their facility as required by the existing systems. DPSS will be accessible over the Internet via a commercial Web browser with access limited by password. The DPSS technology also has direct NASA application for robotic in-situ planetary science missions. DPSS will enable scientists and other participating personnel to participate in missions from their home institutions. The scientists and mission planners at NASA and at remote locations could collaboratively generate daily mission plans and command sequences using the DPSS system. DPSS combines and extends a range of recently available technologies, namely, distributed interactive simulation, VRML, Java and virtual reality, to support the development of distributed virtual environments for planning and simulation over the Internet.

The Distributed Planning and Simulation System is valuable at all stages of a manufacturing system. During design phase, multiple experts associated with the different needed technologies will be able to consult on the optimum design of the system by collaborative interaction with the actual system design without traveling to where the system is being designed. It is also valuable in operation stage because it allows remote monitoring and diagnostics of plant operations. Down time can be minimized by enabling experts to help diagnosing system problems while remaining at a remote location.

Dr. Ann T. Tai
InfoAge Technologies
10501 Kinnard Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90024

InfoAge Technologies
10501 Kinnard Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90024

PROJECT TITLE : Multiresolution CMOS APS Camera for Robotic Vision

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed innovation to be addressed in this work is the development of a compact, ultra low power CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) camera with multiresolution readout that can enhance imaging performance and reduce computational load on vision and range finding algorithms for tele-operated or autonomous robotic navigation. The proposed multiresolution sensor can be read out at varying resolutions in either a block averaging or block summing mode. In the former, blocks of pixels (e.g. 2 x 2, 3 x 3, ... 8 x 8 kernels) can be averaged together to create a lower resolution image(s) for machine vision algorithms (e.g. stereo vision range finding) thus enhancing the speed performance of those algorithms. In the latter summing mode, imaging performance can be enhanced under low light level conditions by summing neighboring pixels together, thus increasing useful dynamic range.

The recent development of the CMOS APS by the proposers during their former employment at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has, for the first time, permitted large scale integration of supporting circuitry and smart camera functions on the same chip as a high performance image sensor. The proposed multiresolution smart sensor offers NASA unprecedented image sensor functionality while lowering system power and mass and increasing system robustness.

Image preprocessing for machine vision applications including industrial inspection, autonomous navigation for robotic applications, automotive, and scientific applications such as biological vision modeling. Progressive transmission of compressed images over local area networks, phone and internet.

Sabrina E. Kemeny, Ph.D.
Photobit, LLC
2529 Foothill Blvd., Suite #104
La Crescenta, CA 91214

Photobit, LLC
2529 Foothill Blvd., Suite #104
La Crescenta, CA 91214

PROJECT TITLE : : Image Understanding Approach to Scene Recognition

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Timely scene recognition is required by an unmanned planetary lander or rover. While much of the previous effort in the area of robotic vision has been focused on man-made landmark recognition, little has been done in natural scene recognition, particularly the scenes on Mars or other planets that are barely known. ORINCON proposes an image understanding approach for scene recognition. By integrating stereo vision with image feature characterization algorithms, we explore the combinatory 3D representation of planetary scenes using both numerical features and visual features. The main objectives effort are (i) to develop a software library that is appropriate for characterizing natural scenes by integrating visual features (obtained from image feature extraction algorithms) with numerical features (obtained from stereo vision); (ii) to perform rapid prototyping of a scene recognition system using the ORINCON-developed Real-Time Interactive Programming and Processing Environment (RIPPEN¨); (iii) to demonstrate the concept using the stereo image pairs recorded at JPLÕs Mars Test Arena. Implemented on a parallel processor architecture and portable to PC, the proposed software library will use the available RIPPEN¨ image processing tools as a core and integrate the proven-successful vision algorithms in our previous NASA space exploration projects for natural scene recognition.

Besides the obvious application of the proposed software library for scene recognition in NASA's space exploration program, the image-understanding-oriented software library on an embedded heterogeneous, open architecture can be used as a rapid prototyping environment for design, development, and implementation of imaging-based systems for airport security, vehicle license monitoring, fruit inspection, military reconnaissance using unmanned aerial vehicles, and industrial product screening where timely pattern recognition is critical. The softwareÕs portability to PC platforms offers a promising solution using low-weight, low-power computers.

Dr. Byron H. Chen
ORINCON Corporation
9363 Towne Centre Drive
San Diego, CA 92121

ORINCON Corporation
9363 Towne Centre Drive
San Diego, CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : : Skin Analog Sensor for Mobile Robotic Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Nature, with evolutionary wisdom, has been developing aware, autonomous sensor/processor/actuator systems for millions of years. Animals have evolved visual, auditory, chemical, and tactile/proximity sensors that enable awareness of and operation in their environments. As robotic units become more capable, they are expected to operate in environments that are less structured and more like uncontrolled natural environments. It is in these environments that tactile/proximity sensors, mimicking skin on higher level organisms, become more and more important. These sensors provide a final protection against damage incurred by otherwise undetected objects. Sigma Labs proposes to develop multi-layer, flexible, electrically active sheets, that incorporates all the proximity, tactile, and temperature sensing capabilities of naturally evolved skin. This sensor will enable robots to operate in unregulated, confusing environments even when other sensors have failed or are ineffective due to smoke or other interference. Sigma Labs is in a unique position to be able to produce this skin-like by virtue of proprietary, protected polymer/metal thin film deposition techniques combined with experience developing unique electrical devices. Ultimately, when combined with fairly simple alarm types of algorithms, the spacial resolution and sensitivity of the sensors will enable performance equivalent to or better than naturally evolved skin.

Commercial applications include robotic systems in private sector manufacturing environment, in local government applications for inspection of environments with high potential for danger to humans, and in the Federal government for similar purposes, for exploratory robots, and for vehicular control in outer space.

Theodore A. Miller
Sigma Labs, Inc.
10960 N. Stallard Place
Tucson, AZ 85737

Sigma Labs
10960 N. Stallard Place
Tucson, AZ 85737

PROJECT TITLE : Fuzzy Logic Control of Docking and Berthing Using Multiple, Integrated Sensors

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Robotic or telerobotic docking and berthing are complex tasks require multiple sensory modalities and complex controller that can make intelligent use of those modalities. Docking and berthing have historically consisted of sequential use of multiple sensor modalities. Typically,vision has been used to detect and recognize objects at a distance; force sensors, when the robot is in physical contact with the mating object; and proximity sensors to fill the sensor void after which vision ceases to be useful and before contact with the object has occurred. A mehtodology is proposed for incorporating these multiple (and possibly conflicting) sensory modalities into the control paradigm for robotic docking and berthing. The method is based on the selector matrix technique commonly used to switch between force and position (or velocity) control in hybrid controllers. The method is enhanced by using a fuzzy expert system ot mediate the switching between control modes, therby smoothing the trasitions between the various sensor modaoities. The instability induced in the robot caused by such switching paradigms can therefore be reduced. The performance of the smoothed controller will then be quantitatively compared to the performance of a traditional, crisp, non-smoothed controller.

Major industrial application areas for robotics will be in mechanical assembly and in the service industry. In the parts-mating tasks common in these areas, use of multiple sensors will be vital. The military has numerous applications involving munitions handling, vehicle nmaintenance, component assembly and disassembly, and material recovery in hazardous, hostile, and friendly environments. All major federal and private research labs have ongoing programs involving force control of robots.

Mr Donald Myers
Intelligent Automation Inc
2 Research Pl Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

Intelligent Automation, Inc.
2 Research Place, Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

PROJECT TITLE : Human Interaction with Semi-Autonomous Robots

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose to develop a toolkit for building user interfaces for effective interaction with an established robotic control architecture. This toolkit will include user interface design patterns, reusable software, and communication interfaces. Traditionally, intelligent control has emphasized full autonomy. But for complex, dynamic tasks like servicing of space-based habitats, the required flexibility and range of operation makes an autonomous approach impractical. It is necessary for humans and robots to work together cooperatively (and often remotely), compensating for each other's limitations and enhancing each other's capabilities. An important issue is semi-autonomous planning and control software for the following types of interaction:

human and robot perform a task jointly
human teleoperates robot to perform an unplanned task
robot requests human assistance at an irresolvable anomaly
robot malfunction is repaired by human

Interfaces developed with this tool kit will support such interaction without requiring humans to perform significant new software management tasks or have extensive software technology skills. This approach allocates tasks to take advantage of human and robot propensities. The human contributes robustness and flexibility, enabling automation to accommodate the unexpected. This in turn enables effective man-machine teaming essential to long duration space habitation and commercial use of robots.

We will package our user interface toolkit with a semi-autonomous robotic control architecture for deploying robots in unstructured environments like hazardous or nuclear waste sites, homes or office building, and modern, flexible factories. Our improved human-robot interaction will allow humans to add reliability and flexibility to commercial use of robots with minimum workload.

DEBRA L. SCHRECKENGHOST
METRICA, INC.
2200 SPACE PARK DRIVE, SUITE 200
HOUSTON, TX 77058

PROJECT TITLE : Hyperspectral Interferometric Data Compression Module (HI-DCM)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

During a capability exchange briefing at NASA-ARC, SPEC representatives were surprised to learn that programs like the Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) and Digital Array Scanning Interferometer (HP-DASI) record large amounts of hyperspectral interferometric data without data compression.

This proposal is to apply state-of-the-art compression techniques to NASA data, present the findings, and define requirements with an objective to design and develop a multipurpose compression module to interface with NASA's family of imaging sensors and platforms, i.e. the various RPV's and the NASA NASA-ARC High Altitude Airborne Science Program.

The real-time compression module will provide frame capture, user selectable lossless or lossy data compression, forward error correction, and modulation for 512X512, 10 bit/pixel using existing Interferometric imagery at 10 frames/s, and will be capable of telemetry of 1024x1024, 16 bit/pixel interferometric images at 20 frames/s. The Phase I study will investigate the use of compression; develop optimal forms of both lossless and lossy compression; determine interface requirements to NASA's family of imaging sensors and telemetry transmitters; definition of decompression software; and coordination with NASA-GSFC on the expansion of algorithm work to this application. Phase II will design and fabricate a prototype compression module capable of supporting flight-tests.

As noted above SPEC plans to apply state-of-the-art compression techniques and develop a Hyperspectral Interferometric Data Compression Module for interface to existing NASA sensors and on-board recorders or telemetry transmitters. The commercial application will depend on the requirements definition and the commercial prospects for the existing NASA sensors and transmitters. As part of Phase I SPEC will assess benefits of the to be defined module and how it may interface with SPEC's existing shock hardened data recorder and telemetry transmitters. Most data compression today is performed in software. The new module will be a hardware solution which may open the door to all kinds of commercial data storage devices.

( Name: Dr. Newton B. Penrose Organization and address is the same as Offeror.

Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC)
Phone: (512) 306-1100
401 Camp Craft Road
Austin, TX 78746-6558

PROJECT TITLE : An Intelligent Agent System for Spacecraft Onboard Data Management

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose the use of intelligent software agents for spacecraft onboard data management. Specifically, our agent-based system will address the autonomous retrieval, filtering, and summarization of relevant payload data and payload sensor control, monitoring, and calibration. The innovation here is the synergistic effects of the distributed processing capability, the embedded knowledge and inferencing power, and the on-line learning and adaptability of software agents to facilitate increased onboard autonomy. An intelligent software agent approach can increase spacecraft autonomy and in turn decrease spacecraft communication resource requirements and associated ground support. We see a considerable potential for this approach to the development of future NASA low-cost small satellite systems.

The anticipated result of our proposed Phase I study will be the design, development, and feasibility analysis of an intelligent software agent to enhance satellite autonomy. We propose a four-task effort. We will: 1) specify the application domain to which intelligent agents may be applied and the system requirements; 2) formulate and design a prototype intelligent agent system for onboard payload data management and sensor calibration; 3) implement the prototype and perform feasibility analysis; and 4) make recommendations for full-scope development under a Phase II effort

The specific focus here on intelligent space-based software agents can be directly applied to commercial satellite systems, as well, including telecommunications satellites and remote sensing space systems. Applications exist for integration of intelligent agents for ground-based systems, including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, and consumer goods. Applications also exist in automated messaging, personal digital assistants, development of enhanced friendly user interfaces, computer desktop automation, telecommunication network management, and information retrieval.

Paul G. Gonsalves
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138

Charles River Analytics
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138

PROJECT TITLE : Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Recovery For Autonomous Spacecraft

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

JPL and ARC have requested, through topic 06.01, robust on-board fault detection, recovery and mission preservation. In order to support NASA's vision of small, low-cost autonomous spacecraft, it is necessary to migrate ground support functions, currently very costly in terms of bandwidth and ground personnel, to automated systems on-board the spacecraft. Health maintenance is a key candidate for this migration. This function typically requires significant communications bandwidth and a large number of highly trained ground support personnel. By using an innovative combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, we will produce an automatic, intelligent health maintenance system that will significantly increase spacecraft autonomy and dramatically reduce both of these costs. We will build on our current ground-based efforts at satellite unknown anomaly resolution. The goals of the Phase I research are to thoroughly define the health maintenance domain, elaborate the artificial intelligence techniques useful for automating the detection, diagnosis and recovery problems, prove the feasibility of these techniques through the development of a prototype, and develop a complete system specification for an on-board health maintenance system. Phase I research and prototype development will lay the groundwork for the Phase II implementation of an on-board system and eventual commercialization of the system.

The commercial applications of an automated spacecraft health maintenance system include commercial and military satellites and planetary science spacecraft. The technology might also be generalized and extended to other situations demanding vehicle autonomy, such as unmanned submersibles and planetary rovers.

Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.
2016 Belle Monti Avenue
Belmont, CA 94002

PROJECT TITLE : Automatic Feedback Intelligent Trainer

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

An intelligent computer-based training (CBT) tool can be built which will (1) *automatically* select customized feedback that can have a *significant* impact on the trainee's mastery of a subject and (2) result in a significant cost savings for the development of CBT systems. We call such a system an Automatic Feedback Intelligent Trainer (AFIT). Previous research has shown that an AFIT system can be constructed if its input is provided in a prescribed format. What remains, which is the objective of this research, is to invent a general-purpose language interface to the AFIT engine. Our goals for this language are three-fold. First, it should allow CBT authors to express the required input to the AFIT engine in a natural way. Second, it should serve as an interface to other CBT tools so that the AFIT engine can function as a reusable component. Third, it should be compatible with deployment over the Internet so that AFIT systems can be made widely available (assuming a Phase II follow-on). The result will be a highly reusable tool for creating CBT materials, at lower cost, which are widely available, and which automatically provide customized feedback for trainees seeking mastery of a subject.

Training touches nearly every aspect of commercial life. The more competitive and complex our world becomes, the greater the need for mechanisms that can be used to quickly develop high-quality training materials. A general-purpose, reusable method for producing trainee feedback would thus seem to have a very wide potential appeal. The best markets for a reusable AFIT engine will be those where trainee proficiency is emphasized. These include academic, industry and government settings as well as mass-market consumer applications. And finally, the existence of an AFIT tool also has the potential to yield an economy of scale effect for the U.S. training industry as a whole by lowering the costs associated with the production of CBT applications.

Paul Baffes, Ph.D.
KnowTech
7205 Hart Lane, #3009
Austin, Texas 78731

KnowTech
7205 Hart Lane, #3009
Austin, Texas 78731

PROJECT TITLE : Dynamic Component Assemblies

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed innovation of this Phase I is to combine several distinct and complementary technologies to create a cost effective, extensible infrastructure enabling the dynamic assembly and execution of distributed objects on a heterogeneous network. Dynamically assembled distributed objects or components enable rapid deployment of mission control software capable of responding to ever changing mission demands. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) will act as the integration backbone for the component assemblies. World Wide Web (WWW) technology coupled with JAVA will act as the universal client providing reusable, portable client software capable of seamlessly executing on the UNIX, NT and MAC platforms. CORBA is a distributed object management framework that is being widely adopted by both the commercial and government sectors for large scale enterprises. It provides distributed services (e.g. naming, security and event management) and facilitates the integration of legacy applications and databases. WWW offers a low- cost client mechanism to distribute data and services. Both technologies are based on open standards and have extensive commercial support. Combined, these technologies provide a solid, extensible foundation for mission operation systems.

The application of this technology has high commercial potential. The Internet is a global phenomenon of yet unrealized proportion. All Internet/Intranet users, including businesses, as well as, individuals will benefit from the capability of building sophisticated distributed object applications from reusable WWW/CORBA components.

Dr. Bruce Cottman,
I-Kinetics Inc.
1 New England Executive Park,
Burlington, MA 01803-5505

I-Kinetics Inc.
1 New England Executive Park,
Burlington, MA 01803-5505

PROJECT TITLE : : Principle Investigator Workstation

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose to prototype a Principle Investigator Workstation to support effective mission operations and data analysis (MODA) for missions such as New Millennium. The primary objective is to provide the scientist-operator with a workstation that is goal-directed, can supervise multiple flight systems and provide processed information rather than raw data. This will be accomplished using knowledge about the operations and science domains to automate routine tasks, prioritizing functions that require operator intervention and automatically distributing functions among remote researchers and flight system experts when necessary. A secondary objective is to make the Principle Investigator Workstation as scaleable, modifible, interoperable and transportable as possible. This will be accomplished by utilizing two emerging open systems standards and showing the applicability of these to MODA systems.

CORBA will be used to provide heterogeneous distributed software component communication and JAVA will be used to provide cross-platform user interface development. The PIW system will be prototyped using ISX proven user-centered software engineering methodology for capturing the MODA domain requirements in conjunction with NASA. The product of this Phase I will be a scenario driven visual demonstration system and an associated system design to be implemented in a Phase II program.

A significant commercial market should develop for workstations to interface to the next generation of small, low cost and rapidly developed science-craft being developed on programs such as New Millennium. This market should continue to in the commercial and education segments if the interface does not require significant operator training. Beyond the NASA applications a task automation interface conforming to open systems standards has wide applicability where taskable autonomous devices, such as semi-autonomous sensor and surveillance vehicles become available for commercial applications and must be supervised.

George Whittinghill
ISX Corporation
4353 Park Terrace Drive
Westlake Village, CA 91361
818-706-2020
georgew@isx.com

ISX Corporation
4353 Park Terrace Drive
Westlake Village, CA 91361
818-706-2020

PROJECT TITLE : Java/Web-Based Satellite Data Monitoring System (JW-SDMS)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

SPS proposes an innovative approach for seamlessly accessing real-time spacecraft telemetry and payload data using Java and the World Wide Web. Our approach uses object-oriented Internet technology to enable scientists, researchers, and students at all levels to monitor spacecraft behavior and space experiments from any computer connected to the Internet that is capable of running a Java-aware Web browser. With NASA's bold vision of the 21st century that includes numerous microspacecraft that return a continuous flow of information about their discoveries, a direct-to-the-scientist link using an Internet/Java-based approach for mission operations and scientific investigation will provide, for the first time, the ability for end-users to directly monitor the progress of their experiments from virtually anywhere in the world. With the increase in the numbers of spacecraft and the ever shrinking NASA budget, the strain placed on spacecraft operations personnel to do more with less will continue to grow. Our Internet and Java-based approach to mission operations will help alleviate this problem by distributing the monitoring of selected space missions to a world-wide audience of interested scientists and researchers using the Internet.

Our approach to seamless real-time data access using Java and the World Wide Web is relevant to a broad range of commercial applications. In addition to applying JW-SDMS to exploit NASA's real-time information, this technology can also be applied to other domains that require real-time monitoring such as telemedicine, petroleum industry, business, networking, and commercial satellites.

Michael Winburn
Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
122 Fourth Ave.
Indialantic, FL 32903

Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
122 Fourth Ave.
Indialantic, FL 32903

PROJECT TITLE : Spatially Immersive Visualization of On-Orbit Operations

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Spatially Immersive Visualization of On-orbit Operations would allow a group of viewers, each wearing stereoscopic glasses, to be virtually immersed into a visually projected cubical environment which emulates either a simulated or a real-time on-orbit phase of a shuttle mission. This system would be the first time in which real-time shuttle telemetry would be employed to drive a spatially immersive virtual environment. Using very high-end graphics workstations and the unique projection display, ground personnel would be able to experience virtual EVAs, RMS activities, orbiter maneuvers, payload deployments, and rendezvous operations, etc. The viewers could fly to any virtual viewpoint desired. This would allow direct inspection of solar blockage constraints, payload clearances, and other contingency analysis.

The cubical projection environment, known as the CAVE, provides a "Virtual Reality Theater" in which scientific content may be visualized in stereo. It is comprised from three rear-projection screens for walls and a down-projection screen for the floor. Each dimension is 10 feet providing sufficient space to hold multiple viewers. Projectors throw full-color workstation 1024x768 at 96HZ onto the screens. A user's head and hands are tracked with Ascension Flock-of-Birds tethered electromagnetic sensors. Stereographics' LCD stereo shutter glasses are used to separate the alternate fields going to the eyes.

NASA, DOD, Satellite communications companies

Erik D. Geisler
Graphics Software Services,
15902 Galveston Rd. #1126,
Webster, TX, 77598

Erik D. Geisler
Graphics Software Services,
15902 Galveston Rd. #1126,
Webster, TX, 77598

PROJECT TITLE : Virtual Environment System for Space Operations

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The Virtual Environment System for Space Operations project will develop an innovative Virtual Environment (VE) rapid-prototyping Windows NT-based system that will incorporate the latest VE peripheral devices and be portable so that it can be easily carried on-board the Space Shuttle and Space Station. The utilization of this system on the Space Station will provide an important method to simulate potential hazards involved with EVA operations and could also be used to maintain Shuttle landing proficiency and other important Shuttle and Space Station "Just-In-Time" training and simulation tasks.

The primary Phase I project objective will be to specify the functional hardware and software requirements of the proposed VE system that will be used as the baseline architecture for the actual system development that will be accomplished during the Phase II project. It is anticipated that this system will not only be an important future tool for on-orbit operations, but will be a commercially viable product as well.

POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION include aerospace flight simulation, architectural ÒwalkaroundsÓ, automotive engineering analysis, eductation applications, entertainment such as virtual sports and games, medical training, and military simulation.

J. Mark Voss
LinCom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Blvd. Suite 200
Houston, Texas 77058

LinCom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Blvd. Suite 200
Houston, Texas 77058

PROJECT TITLE : : Collaborative Agent Development Environment

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed Collaborative Agent Development Environment (CADE) will demonstrate the feasibility of a tool that can automate the design and implementation of a collaborating community of intelligent agents for the Mission Operations domain. CADE will be implemented in Java and it will be used to generate a Java based community of agents. Thus, the proposed innovation addresses NASA's needs as described in the "Internet-based and Java-based approaches to mission operations" sub topic.

Phase I efforts will focus on the definition, architectural design, and development of a prototype for CADE. Primarily, the Phase I effort will 1) Identify a Mission Operations test bed, 2) Produce the CADE architecture, and 3) Produce a CADE prototype. Phase I efforts will last 6 months and provide the "proof of concept" necessary for a Phase II product. A Phase II product will be developed using the Phase I prototype as a guide.

CADE can reduce the cost of developing agent based software. Agent collaboration is implicit in CADE, giving CADE based communities of agents enormous potential. In fact, once the tool is constructed, it can be used to improve itself. A tool like this could revolutionize the way software is built.

The best potential for commercialization of the Collaborative Agent Development Environment is from the Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool community. The CADE technology can be added to existing CASE tools (i.e. Paradigm PLUS), or be used as a basis for a new generation of software engineering tools. The principle benefit of this product will be reduced life-cycle costs for systems employing agent technologies. This product will benefit organizations, within both government and industry, that produce software systems and want to use agent technologies to further increase the level of automation within their particular domain.

Mr. Joseph Nieten
LinCom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Blvd. Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058

LinCom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Blvd. Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058

PROJECT TITLE : A Case-based Reasoning Approach to Intelligent Tutoring Systems and ITS Authoring

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have shown great promise in a variety of training domains and can achieve many of the same benefits as one-on-one instruction, in a cost-effective manner. However, the key to the effectiveness of this instruction is the technical knowledge the system contains. Traditional approaches to development of ITSs are hampered by the knowledge acquisition bottleneck - the need to construct an explicit expert mental model. We propose an innovative approach to ITS development using a case-based reasoning (CBR) paradigm which largely circumvents the difficult and time-consuming process of knowledge elicitation. A case-based approach to knowledge gathering is highly intuitive, and authoring of the training course is greatly simplified and requires no special computer training. We have used this CBR approach with much success in other training domains.

In Phase I, we will investigate a CBR approach to ITS development and explore the feasibility of semi-automated/automated knowledge elicitation techniques to speed collection and structuring of domain knowledge from experts. We will develop a prototype ITS using these techniques within a specific NASA mission operations support domain and produce a generic ITS architecture applicable in many other domains. NASA will benefit from improved training capabilities and reduced manpower needs.

Many training domains in NASA, military sectors, government agencies and the private sector would benefit from automated, cost-effective instruction via an ITS. Because the ITS is designed for quick domain application, it could be employed for new training domains with little development time.

Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.
2016 Belle Monti Avenue
Belmont, CA 94002

PROJECT TITLE : LOW-COST POCC/OPERATIONS GROUND SYSTEMS BASED ON JAVA AND WORLD WIDE WEB STANDARDS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed innovation is a space operations system utilizing Java applications, World Wide Web (WWW) standards, and off-the-shelf personal computer and workstation software, to support payload and small spacecraft operations. The system will support users both at a payload operations control center (POCC) and from remote sites, using the same components, methods, and protocols. Traditional payload operations systems have involved highly customized hardware and software, often designed with the assumption that all the system's users would be in the same building, and remote operations capability was added (if at all) by grafting an entirely separate system onto the existing system. However, WWW tools and techniques now provide the pathway towards constructing a system that can be built with minimal custom software and no custom hardware, and the same system can be used for both local and remote operations. Such a system will have lower initial costs and much lower operations and maintenance (O&M) costs than a traditional system, with obvious benefits to NASA missions; in addition, the availability of a low-cost system opens the door for non-traditional missions and services, such as a commercial operations center supporting both local and remote spacecraft/payload users.

A market exists for the services of a commercial operations center. Such a center could provide low-cost on-site and remote operations services for small spacecraft and payloads. The proposed system would make call-up, on-demand, and emergency services possible. The center and its systems could also be used for other types of monitoring services, such as control of power distribution, large facility monitoring, aircraft monitoring, and telemedicine functions.

David K. Cornutt
AZ Technology, Inc.
4901 Corporate Dr., Suite 101
Huntsville, AL 35805

AZ Technology, Inc.
4901 Corporate Dr., Suite 101
Huntsville, AL 35805

PROJECT TITLE : GeoBrowse: An Integrated Environment for Satellite Image Retrieval and Mining

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

There is a rapid growth in the amount of remotely sensed image data. To quote the 1996 NASA SBIR solicitation, ``All NASA projects will face the daunting prospect of having to deal with databases of unprecedented size and complexity.'' A key scientific need is the ability organize, search, analyze and mine information from large databases of images derived from a variety of sensors. We propose to design and develop GeoBrowse, an integrated software system for image retrieval, browsing and mining that addresses these needs. GeoBrowse will integrate software tools for data retrieval, data management and data access with software tools for data mining. GeoBrowse will provide the user with the ability to determine and test the limitations of remote sensing parameters and models by providing alternative views of uncertainties arising from extrinsic factors. A key innovation will be the support for ``content based'' queries on large databases of remotely sensed images.The software architecture of GeoBrowse will address obstacles facing analysts of remotely sensed data, such as scalability to massive datasets, open system design, and interoperability with other applications.

The software environment will be useful to both remote sensing analysts and end users in a variety of user communities. The environment has several advantages over existing image mining environments as a result of its customizable analysis toolkit, content based retrieval capabilities, database support and scalability to large datasets. The underlying technology is readily portable to other application areas including medical imaging, commercial data mining and multi-media applications.

M. Y. Jaisimha, MathSoft, Inc., Data Analysis Product Division
1700 Westlake Ave. N, Suite 500
Seatlle, WA 98109

MathSoft, Inc., Data Analysis Product Division
1700 Westlake Ave. N, Suite 500
Seatlle, WA 98109

PROJECT TITLE : Smart Panospheric Imaging Sensor

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In response to NASA SBIR solicitation 96-1 06.04, "Advanced Information Technology", RedZone Robotics, Inc. proposes to develop a smart "panospheric" imaging sensor which instantaneously acquires a 300 x 360 panorama field of view (FOV) using no moving parts, simultaneously tracks multiple regions, and automatically focuses image compression to meet bandwidth constraints, while actively maintaining high image quality. The sensor leverages research conducted at Carnegie Mellon University for improved teleoperation as part of the NASA funded Lunar Rover Initiative. System mass, power, complexity, cost and failure rate are reduced by elimination of pan-tilt mechanisms or camera arrays traditionally used to image extensive field-of-regards. Using an innovative technique of focusing image compression on prioritized regions of user interest, maximal utility can be gained at the remote site regardless of the available bandwidth, even if it changes. Integrated to an intelligent system, the sensor provides data useful for obstacle detection, collision avoidance, local positioning, landmark navigation, and terrain mapping.

Displayed real-time to an immersive environment as a realistic telepresence, the imagery yields heightened situational awareness improving the efficiency of remote operators.

Successful development of the SPY smart panospheric sensor would enable virtual telepresence with the ability to capture live information from multiple directions. RedZone already has potential customers in the NASA funded Lunar Rover Initiative, and the first Commercial Lunar Mission planned by LunaCorp for 2000. In addition, the stated Canadian Defence interest in a panospheric system for armored vehicle systems (both manned and eventually unmanned) presents a first opportunity to deliver the SPY sensor to military customers.

Lawrence J. Zana,
RedZone Robotics, Inc.,
2425 Liberty Avenue,
Pittsburgh, PA 15222

RedZone Robotics, Inc.,
2425 Liberty Avenue,
Pittsburgh, PA 15222

PROJECT TITLE : 360 Degree True 3-D Virtual Reality System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Current Virtual Reality (VR) systems cause some health hazards and discomfort to users, especially over extended periods of use. Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new, fully immersive 3-D system based on six 3-D video projectors for a 360¡ visual field. Four major technologies will be incorporated into the proposed system, including large screen multi-channel 3-D projection to be viewed without special eye wear, high speed multi-view world generators with interactive capabilities, multi-channel body part trackers, and 3-D aural devices. The six projectors will simultaneously illuminate the screens to reinforce the VR illusion. The two projectors in the current primary viewing direction will project the highest resolution, while the side screens will display lower resolution images and the back screens will be blank. At any instant, depending on the direction the user is facing, all the screens will have appropriate resolution, with the highest resolution always being in the direct viewing direction.

VR systems are increasingly used for personalized viewing in both commercial and academic applications. Often opportunities are in telemedicine, product modeling, and entertainment (specifically computer games).

Andrew Kostrzewski, Ph.D.
Physical Optics Corporation, Engineering & Products Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Building 100
Torrance, CA 90501-1821

Physical Optics Corporation, Engineering & Products Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Building 100
Torrance, CA 90501-1821

PROJECT TITLE : Haptic Displays for Real-Time Immersive Environments

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Haptic displays are specialized robots configured to provide motion-dependent tactile feedback for interaction with real-time immersive environments. One barrier to more widespread use of haptic displays with real-time, interactive immersive environments is that they require very high update rates. Research indicates that a convincing perception of touch requires update rates in excess of 1000 Hz. Unfortunately, the models underlying complicated immersive environment scenarios in many applications are so computationally intensive that high-rate real-time dynamic simulation using standard methods is prohibited. We propose an innovative haptic display control algorithm that will bridge this gap by implementing impedance control for haptic displays. It is based on object-oriented impedance control software previously developed by Creare combined with a proposed method for identifying position-dependent impedances from an immersive environment model.

During Phase I we will demonstrate the performance gains obtained by an impedance controller for haptic displays. We will show that the proposed haptic display algorithm results in superior tactile sensation and can be used for arbitrarily complicated immersive environment models. In Phase II, we will refine the software and apply it to specific applications and haptic display hardware.

The proposed computational algorithm will be an enabling technology that will provide the link between non-real-time immersive environment models and real-time haptic displays. This technology will aid in their transition to and use in practical applications such as enhanced ability for human interaction with complex data, models, and representations of distant physical locations; simulated surgery; training for technicians; and training of aircraft and submarine pilots.

Robert J. Kline-Schoder
Creare Incorporated
P.O. Box 71, Etna Road
Hanover, NH 03755

Creare Incorporated
P.O. Box 71, Etna Road
Hanover, NH 03755

PROJECT TITLE : Design Fault Risk Identification and Mitigation

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Quality Research Associates proposes to develop an innovative process for identification and mitigation of software design fault risk for critical computer-based systems. The innovativeness of this approach is that it provides automated and quantitative support for software fault risk reduction actions. Identification of critical components is based on the hardware/software dynamic system fault tree and quantifying software failure probability. This is relevant and important to meeting NASA's need for automated, interactive software design and analysis to achieve significant life cycle cost reduction for highly complex software systems.

This is directly applicable to the safety and ultra-high reliability and performance requirements of NASA's aeronautics and space missions. The Phase I objective is to develop and determine the feasibility of our process. We will develop process details and demonstrate its effectiveness in Phase I. The Phase II objectives are to implement a tool incorporating the Phase I-developed techniques and process. The anticipated result of Phase I efforts is the feasibility determination indicating our process will significantly enhance risk reduction in computer-based systems. NASA applications include software fault risk assessment and mitigation in any computer-based system. The benefits include increased effectiveness in this assessment and the potential for more reliable and safe systems.

Reliable and safety-critical systems exist in aerospace, military, commercial, and industrial environments. The market for an enhanced software design fault risk mitigation tool includes, for example, developers of flight and air traffic control systems, nuclear and other plant control systems, banking and transaction systems, medical equipment control systems, and other computer-based systems. This effort is applicable to all safety- and mission-critical software and systems engineering efforts.

Dr. Laura L. Pullum
Quality Research Associates, Inc.
2875 Williams Farm Drive
Dacula, GA 30211

Quality Research Associates, Inc.
2875 Williams Farm Drive
Dacula, GA 30211

PROJECT TITLE : CMOS APS IMAGER WITH ON-CHIP GAIN AND EXPOSURE CONTROL

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

It is proposed to develop a CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) imager featuring automatic on-chip gain and exposure control. The gain control is required in low light conditions, when the integration time is limited by the frame rate. Enhancement of the low level signal facilitates its matching to the ADC, and improves the immunity to downstream noise. Subjectively, it is perceived as an increase in the apparent brightness of the scene. The exposure control is needed at high light intensities to prevent pixels from saturation. Realizing the automatic gain- and exposure functions on the chip greatly simplifies the overall camera system, resulting in cost, power, mass, and volume reduction. Such an "autonomous" camera will be highly beneficial to NASA as it will reduce required mission operations support and bandwidth loading on the DSN, or other data link.

In Phase I, the comparative analysis of different approaches (logarithmic sensor, gain/ integration time closed-loop control) to automatic gain and exposure control will be carried out. Feasibility of critical circuits will be established, and the best approach will be realized as a chip design ready for fabrication. In Phase II, the CMOS APS image sensor with on-chip gain and exposure control will be implemented and characterized.

The innovative APS imager capable of automatic on-chip gain and exposure control will find wide application in many consumer, industrial and military electronic imaging products. The possibility of extending dynamic range, and low light image enhancement are of primary importance when developing night vision devices, artificial vision systems for robotics and smart vehicles, as well as electronic consumer cameras. It is expected that the innovation will enhance the competitive advantage of the Active Pixel Sensor Imagers in the market of image sensors.

Dr. Sabrina Kemeny,
Photobit LLC,
2529 Foothill Blvd.,
Suite # 104,
La Crescenta, CA 91214

Photobit LLC,
2529 Foothill Blvd., Suite # 104,
La Crescenta, CA 91214

PROJECT TITLE : Subscale X-33 RPV and Autolander

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A subscale reusable launch vehicle (RLV) based on the X-33 design will be developed. This remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) will be used as a testbed for a series of autolander research experiments while simultaneously generating subsonic flight data on the X-33 design. In the proposed Phase I SBIR program we will design a 12 foot subscale X-33 powered by one or two SWB-3 38 lb thrust turbojet engines. We will design the fiberglass composite shell for the RPV, its internal structure, landing gear, engine support, and avionics systems. We will develop a preliminary flight test plan for the RPV, and we will simulate several alternative neural network based autolander control strategies.

This research can be directly applied to the X-33 program and related reusable launch vehicle activities while simultaneously supporting DOD requirements for advanced cruise missiles, tactical reconnaissance and manned hypersonic aircraft. By teaming with the Skunkworks on the present proposal we are ideally positioned to take advantage of these commercialization opportunities; working with LMSWÕs X-33 and hypersonic aircraft programs on advanced development activities and with their engineering and production divisions on the final product.

Carl Lewis, III
Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421

Robert M. Pap
Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421

PROJECT TITLE : Rapid Access Optical Memory using Lensless Phase-Conjugate Holograms

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This SBIR Phase I program will investigate the feasibility of constructing compact, rapid access 3-dimensional optical data storage and retrieval systems using a novel lensless phase-conjugate holography approach. The proposed method has the potential of ultra high data density (~100 million bits per data page) and high data transfer rate (~1Gb/s). This innovation significantly simplifies the storage architecture, reduces the system size and allows the construction of a compact (6"×6"×3") memory system. The proposed optical memory also incorporates an innovative orthogonal hybrid multiplexing technique, which fully takes the advantage of the capabilities of current laser diodes and acousto-optic deflectors to achieve large data pages (>10000 pages) in a compact configuration. These innovations are directed toward improving the access time, storage capacity and reducing the system mass, volume and cost. This research program is expected to provide data on volume holographic memory technology as applied to advanced information systems.

The proposed research could lead to significant advances in the development of new generation of optical memory systems. POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION include data on-line servers, high performance simulators, parallel super computers, etc.

Dr. Feng Zhao
Accuwave Corporation
1651 19th St., Santa Monica, CA 90404

Accuwave Corporation
1651 19th St., Santa Monica, CA 90404

PROJECT TITLE : : Intent Specifications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Specifications should provide bridges between the groups working on a system: Many problems in building complex systems today and most accidents in operational systems arise in the interfaces between components---the hardware, software, and humans (operators). We need specification methodologies that ease coordinated design of components and interfaces, and that provide seamless transitions between the development and maintenance stages. Safeware Engineering Corporation proposes to investigate the feasibility of a new software development methodology based on intent specifications that supports both general system development and system safety analysis. The design rationale and other information that is normally lost during development are preserved in a single, logically-structured document. Requirements and constraints are traceable (in both directions) from the topmost goals to physical design. Intent specifications are based on the fundamental principles of problem-solving and abstraction that humans use to make complex tasks intellectually manageable. Intent specifications can potentially reduce costs due to requirements changes, provide more efficient ways to record design rationale information, enhance the early systems engineering process, assist in finding problems early, shorten training periods for new project members, and reduce the effort needed to make changes and to reanalyze and test after changes have been made.

Safeware Engineering Corporation proposes to develop an intent specification editor based on the results of the Phase I effort. The editor will support existing specification languages. It will also interface with a hazard database. The potential market of the intent specification editor is all large-scale software development. Systems engineering efforts will also be supported. Intent specifications will be especially helpful for projects with safety-critical or mission-critical constraints.

Jon Damon Reese
7200 Lower Ridge Rd., Unit B
Everett, WA 98203-4925

PROJECT TITLE : An Intelligent Information Search Agent for the Aerodynamics Engineering Process

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

An intelligent information search agent will be designed and evaluated for application to the presentation of knowledge relevant to engineers engaged in the CFD process. This system will employ background monitoring and user-directed input to assess the current situation faced by the engineer, such as the status of the grid and algorithm selection process, performance predictions for different aspects of the code, and potential problems with the setup or at runtime. Based on this assessment, advice and relevant information will be selected from a knowledge base and presented to the engineer. A search and retrieval mechanism will be designed for this function. The project objectives are to select appropriate options for the design of the information search system, to evaluate an implementation of the system that is based on the Procedural Reasoning System technology, and to implement a prototype of the system that will demonstrate key features. The knowledge needed to support search activities will be acquired from CFD users, experts, and through the testing of the prototype. The Phase I work will demonstrate the usefulness of this system, particularly in shortening the time required to transition NASA-developed technology for widespread use in the aerospace industry.

The increased efficiency due to the availability of relevant and timely background knowledge will benefit design and analysis groups in the aerospace, hydrodynamic, automotive, and energy industries. The access to a comprehensive knowledge base for supporting technical information will facilitate the adoption of new technologies developed in research labs into the private sector, thus improving the competitiveness of these industries. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL Laura C. Rodman Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc. 526 Clyde Ave. Mountain View, CA 94043-221

Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
526 Clyde Ave.
Mountain View, CA 94043-221

PROJECT TITLE : Terabit/Sec, Free-Space Optical Interconnect

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This SBIR Phase I project will investigate a Tbit/sec, all-optical crossbar interconnect. The full potential of all fiber networks is not fully exploited owing to the lack of high-bit-rate switches and interconnects; state-of-the-art electronic crossbars cannot accommodate bit rates higher that several hundred Mbit/sec. Commercially-available all-optical interconnects (capable of handling high bit rates) exhibit slow reconfiguration speeds, are not easily scaled to route large numbers of input signals, and are often fragile and sensitive to environmental disturbances.

Reveo has invented a polarization-gate all-optical interconnect which overcomes the limitations of existing technology, and features Tbit/sec capacity, fast reconfiguration speed, broad spectral bandwidth, low insertion loss, low crosstalk, robust all-solid-state construction, low power consumption, and simple scaleability. This crossbar interconnect utilizes powerful network architectures, including Banyan, omega, PM2I, and Reveo's PM2K design. Our unique hardware arrangement will allow for the development and commercialization of crossbar switches which can be operated in any wavelength regime.

Phase I research will focus on proof of concept, and characterization of a small crossbar device. In Phase II we will develop components for the interconnect optics, construct larger (8×8) switches, and investigate fiber-optic interfacing. Phase III will focus on commercialization and manufacturing of this novel technology.

The proposed technology will have immediate applications in telecommunications, networking, and back-plane interconnections, as this crossbar interconnect will be compatible with the existing telecommunications infrastructure. It has been estimated that the market for optical interconnects will continue to grow at an annual rate of 29% per year through 1998, and 23% per year from 1998-2003 (Laser Focus World, 1994).

Dr. Steven J. Kane (kane@reveo.com)
Reveo, Inc.
8 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532

Reveo, Inc.
8 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532

PROJECT TITLE : Multi-Layer Optical Tape Technology Utilizing Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Films

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

NASA's missions require compact, fast, high density optical data storage units that surpass current technology by at least two orders of magnitude. This demands a data storage capacity of 1 TB/unit and data rates exceeding 1 gigabit/sec. Optical tape has a very high volumetric storage capacity and extremely low media cost. The technological risk is low because the lasers and optics are an extension of the components used in optical disk drives. Current state-of-the-art optical tape is based on a single layer approach. However, the capacity is limited by the smallest data mark size and the data rate is limited by the scanning speed of the tape. Additional engineering problems include wear and contamination's due to debris. We. propose a novel optical tape technology that can overcome the limitations associated with conventional optical tape technology and increase both the capacity and data rate by a factor of 100. This technology is based on the unique selective reflection properties of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) films. Up to 100 CLC films can be stacked in a multilayer structure and individually addressed by wavelength and polarization multiplexing. We have demonstrated the feasibility of multilayer CLC media by recording and reading optical disks.

There are many systems and situations in both space missions and commercial applications that require terabyte storage capacity and attendant gigabits/sec I/O rates. That is why the proposed technology is so vital to develop. For instance, fluid dynamics codes for flight simulation are capable of generating large blocks of data due to their intensive requirement for spatial and temporal information content. Earth- monitoring as well as space exploration satellites will need the ability to store and quickly retrieve reconnaissance data. In the commercial sector, industries which require systems to archive large data bases include insurance firm, banks and telecommunications firms. Hence, Reveo foresees a lucrative market developing in the near term for such data storage systems.

Wolfgang Schlichting (schlicht@reveo.com)
Reveo, Inc.
8 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532

Reveo, Inc.
8 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne, NY 10532

PROJECT TITLE : Low-Cost, Lightweight, Non-Ablative Thermal Protection System for Microspacecraft

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In previous work, Ultramet successfully developed a lightweight heat shield sandwich panel for use in a next-generation, high-performance thermal protection system, which was tested at NASA Ames Research Center under the pullout and glide portions of a simulated extended-range reentry trajectory. Outstanding performance was demonstrated, with no ablation of the heated surface and absolutely no degration of structural integrity detected, despite heat fluxes of 150-450 Btu/ft2úsec and a test duration of 255 seconds. This heat shield sandwich panel design was composed of a low thermal conductivity carbon foam sandwiched between ceramic matrix composite (CMC) facesheets. The front, or "hot," side facesheet was composed of carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (Cf/SiC) overcoated with Ultra2000, Ultramet's hafnium carbide/silicon carbide (HfC/SiC) composite, while the back, or "cool," side facesheet was composed of single-ply carbon/carbon (C/C). Successful operation of a 0.7"-thick sandwich panel was demonstrated at a front side temperature of >4000øF and a corresponding back side temperature of <550øF. However, the chemical vapor deposition/ infiltration techniques used to fabricate the Cf/SiC-based CMC facesheet proved expensive and time-consuming. In this Phase I project, Ultramet proposes to develop a low-cost, lightweight version of its non-ablative thermal protection system through the elimination of the Cf/SiC-based CMC facesheet, as it is the major contributor to the higher cost and heavier weight of the previous design. The proposed low-cost, lightweight thermal protection system will utilize Ultra2000 as the hot side facesheet, deposited directly on low thermal conductivity carbon foam, yielding a final areal density of ÷1.0-1.2 lb/ft2.

In addition to thermal protection systems for microspacecraft, the technology to be developed in this project can be applied to the space shuttle orbiter, single stage-to-orbit vehicles, leading edges, rocket nozzle throats, aerobraking structures, missile radomes, turbine and ramjet engine components, jet vanes, low mass internal combustion engine components, filtration media, exhaust aftertreatment materials, and high temperature furnace materials.

Sangvavann Heng
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

PROJECT TITLE : : A High Cycle Life, High Energy Density Battery using a Metal Oxide Anode Material

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A program to develop a novel lightweight high energy density lithium-ion battery optimized for the high cycle life requirements of low earth orbit (LEO) applications is described. The proposed cell, which will permit a dramatic reduction in spacecraft weight, size and cost, uses a LiCoO2 cathode material, a ternary non-aqueous organic electrolyte and a metal oxide anode material. A novel component of the proposed cell, the metal oxide anode, is based on either tin or germanium oxide. The cell will incorporate advanced composite materials in the case, current collector and electrode components to minimize the cell weight and volume while maximizing the electrochemical performance. Further, the proposed prismatic design will efficiently utilize the available space. A highly structured program is described to develop optimal cathode, anode and electrolyte materials for cells specifically designed for LEO applications. In addition to testing the component materials, prototype cells will be fabricated and tested. Emphasized is the synergy the proposed program will have with Yardney's current programs, especially that focused on the establishment of a modern manufacturing facility for lithium-ion batteries.

Commercial Satellites, Power Station Load Leveling, Communications Devices (Cell Phones), Computers

Dr. Grant M. Ehrlich,
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.,
82 Mechanic St., Pawcatuck, CT, 06379.

Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic Street
Pawcatuck, CT 06379

PROJECT TITLE : : LOW COST, HIGH PERFORMANCE PROPELLANT AND PRESSURANT TANKS FOR MINIATURIZED SPACECRAFT APPLICATIONS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Recent development of thin, very high strength electroforms of nickel, copper, and nickel alloys without porosity provide a novel means for producing high performance metallic liners for composite tanks required for spacecraft and satellites. NASA requires small, inexpensive tanks of high re-liability for miniaturized spacecraft. The proposed work affords a ready means for scaling such tanks to any size requirements in a minimal time frame. No thermal joining of components is required. Electroforming provides the means for metallurgically joining fill/drain fittings to the liner during the fabrication operation. Strengthening of the high integrity metallic liner (liquid/gaseous seal) is accomplished by filament winding and curing a high modulus carbon or graphite fiber. The high strengths achievable in very thin nickel based alloys are expected to more than offset the lighter weight of titanium which requires greater thickness to overcome thermal joining requirements. This work will provide enabling technology for improved performance criteria as measured by the pres-sure * volume / weight factor whereby values over 1.5 x 106 are sought.

Many commercial commercial applications of the proposed innovative technology. High strength, light-weight composite propellant and pressurant vessels could be utilized on most commercial satellites where small reactor control systems must be powered up at periodic intervals to correct orbital altitude and attitude with respect to the earth communications stations. This represents a large market with every amount of weight savings directly translating to a savings in launch costs. Other applications would be in aircraft components -- particularly in the area of improving the shock/impact integrity of wing fuel tanks. Rigid fuel transfer lines in aircraft could be lightened while retaining high strength. Diver's air tanks for commercial and sporting applications could be fabricated by this technology to lighten the tank weight so larger capacity tanks could be carried.

Glenn Malone
Electroformed Nickel, Inc.
785 Martin Road
Huntsville, AL 35824

Electroformed Nickel, Inc.
785 Martin Road
Huntsville, AL 35824

PROJECT TITLE : Lightweight Ion Engine Body

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

New Millennium missions for planetary spacecraft have baselined Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) and lightweight ion engines. Existing ion engines such as NSTAR are fabricated with metals and are heavy, weighing as much as the propellant used in a near earth asteroid fly-by mission. Improved performance and lower cost of in-space propulsion will result if significantly lighter materials and structures are developed for use in ion engines. Unique in this application is the requirement to withstand high electric field strengths.

This project will investigate a sandwich structure concept for lightweight ion engine bodies. An innovative low density core material having adequate mechanical and dielectric properties promises to reduce the ion engine body weight by 70-90% compared with existing aluminum bodies. The fabrication methodology is affordable and readily scaled, enabling both microsatellite and large cargo vehicle applications.

Phase 1 will select candidate core configurations and fabricate a matrix of test coupons. Mechanical and electrical test data will be gathered and the best configurations identified. A full-scale ion engine body structural shell will be fabricated for comparison with existing metallic bodies.

Phase 2 would further develop the materials and designs for advanced SEP and fabricate prototype hardware for NASA evaluation.

Ion Thrusters - The growing need for advanced in-space propulsion, eg. comsat stationkeeping and deep space missions, represents a market.

Lightweight Sandwich Structures - The proposed sandwich structural materials have potential weight and cost advantages over foam core and honeycomb materials. There are broad potential applications in lightweight structures for aerospace and ground transportation.

Energy Science Laboratories, Inc.
6888 Nancy Ridge Drive
San Diego, CA 92121-2232

PROJECT TITLE : Multipath-Resistant GPS Carrier Tracking

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Hittite Microwave Corporation proposes to develop an innovative approach to GPS carrier tracking,which uses multiple quadrature correlation measurements equispaced in carrier phase in order to minimize multipath- induced errors in carrier tracking. The nomelty of our technique, compared to previous multipath mitigation techniques is that it compensates for the multipath distortions in the phase detector without attempting to resolve the various multipath signals, therby avoiding the need for long integration times and numerically sensitive solutions of systems of nonlinear equations. Mitigation of the multipath distortion in carrier tracking is essential for accurate attitude estimation, specially in microspacecraft applications. The main goals of the proposed Phase I research are: (i) Assess the performance inprovement of the proposed carrier tracking compared to the classical arctan carrier tracking under multipath distortions, (ii) Develop an implementation approach for Phase II demonstration, and in particular determine the feasigility of an all-software implementation of the proposed technique.

High-performance GPS attitude systems for aviation and spacecraft applications. Robust coherent GPS tracking under poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.

George Dimos
Hittite Microwave Corporation
21 Cabot Road
Woburn, MA 01801

Hittite Microwave Corporation
21 Cabot Road
Woburn, MA 01801

PROJECT TITLE : Fast Track Lunar/Mars Autonomous Navigation and Orbit Control

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Microcosm proposes to develop fully autonomous navigation and orbit control software for orbits about the Moon or Mars within 15 months of a Phase II award or within 24 months of a Phase I award if suitable bridge funding is available. Phase I will result in a top level system design including a proposed sensor, actuator, and computer configuration; a detailed definition of the modifications needed to the existing Microcosm Autonomous Navigation System, MANS, to achieve the objectives; an estimate of the performance levels to be expected and the hardware requirements needed to achieve them; and a detailed plan to meet the Phase II objectives within the defined time and cost constraints. Phase I will clearly establish the feasibility, performance, and limitations of the proposed system.

There are direct commercial applications for those organizations involved in any interplanetary exploration. The developed system will drastically reduce operations costs for interplanetary missions, and can be extended to Earth-orbiting spacecraft as well as missions beyond the Moon and Mars. The MANS software will be expanded to a wider range of spacecraft and control system configurations, increasing its marketability.

Dr. James R. Wertz
Microcosm, Inc.
2601 Airport Dr., Suite 230
Torrance, CA 90505

Microcosm, Inc.
2601 Airport Dr., Suite 230
Torrance, CA 90505

PROJECT TITLE : Space Validation of Variable Absorptivity and Emissivity Thermal Control Materials (7117-180)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) and EIC Laboratories propose to test in space environment variable absorptivity and emissivity thermal control coatings which incorporate electrochromic cells (EC). Our approach represents a very low-cost and first-of-its-kind effort within Phase I resources for developing a database on the performance of electrochromics in space over several months. These data will be critical to the design of all-solid-state, autonomous thermal control systems for future NASA spacecraft. We will deposit the thermal coatings on several calorimeters and calibrate these sensors for a potential flight on the upcoming Space Technology Research Vehicle - 2 (STRV-2) mission scheduled for launch in late 1997. STRV-2 incorporates calorimeters in the Space Active Modular Materials ExperimentS (SAMMES) payload sponsored by the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO). The SAMMES Principal Investigator will consider the electrochromic calorimeters as candidate test materials. Micron-level thicknesses of material layers sandwiching the EC will be deposited on thin glass substrates to achieve variable absorptivities emissivities from 0.3 to 0.9. The substrates will be bonded to calorimeters developed by PSI for BMDO. EIC Laboratories have considerable expertise in electrochromic materials technology and will supply the EC materials. EIC is currently developing variable emissivity materials for NASA GSFC under a Phase II SBIR.

Active thermal control with electrochromics has wide ranging potential applications to all classes of NASA, DoD, and U.S. commercial spacecraft and payload systems. Technology to produce electrochromic materials in large area sheets/films/panels with uniform properties has direct applications to "smart windows" for future commercial and residual buildings.

Prakash B. Joshi
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

PROJECT TITLE : Computer Code to Predict Fluid Flow Stability of Capillary Pumped Loops

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) has demonstrated its viability to be the advanced thermal control system for next generation spacecrafts. The CPL is a completely passive system which has no mechanical moving parts to wear out or introduce unwanted vibrations to the spacecraft. In addition, CPL systems offers a number of significant performance advantages over conventional mechanically pumped systems; namely, no external pumping power expenditure, tight temperature control, and lightweight. The major shortcoming of the CPL is the occasional capillary pump deprimes that interrupted system operation.

In the summer of 1994, a novel theory entitled "Theory of Hydrodynamic Stability for CPLs" was proposed. From the theory, it was pointed out that the capillary pump deprimes were caused by the hydrodynamic instability of the fluid flow in the loop. A test program was conducted at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in part, to verify the CPL hydrodynamic stability theory. The theoretical predictions agreed well with the experimental data from the GSFC Mini-CPL test program.

A computer program to predict the CPL fluid flow stability is proposed for Phase I NASA SBIR project. The program has the capability to perform nonlinear hydrodynamic stability analyses for multiple pump/condenser CPL systems.

The proposed computer program gives the CPL engineers an ability to predict accurately the unstable operating regime of the loop early in the design phase so that the manufacturing cost and schedule can bekept at minimum.

Triem T. Hoang
TTH Research
227 Lower Country Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20877

TTH Research
227 Lower Country Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20877

PROJECT TITLE : Novel Materials For Thermal Management of Spacecraft Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Novel materials are needed to support the performance and function of thermal doublers, zero CTE optical benches, lightweight CTE matched heat spreaders for heat pipe evaporator and condenser ends, and thermal cores for electronic assemblies. Highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) is a highly aligned crystalline graphite with an in-plane thermal conductivity of 1700 W/mK . Encapsulating HOPG within a carbon fiber composite results in a high conductivity (>1000 W/mK), low mass density (<2.0 g/cm3) material system. The isotropic in-plane conductivity of the HOPG will increase the composite thermal performance by 300% over typical K1000/Epoxy composites. In addition to high specific conductivity, the proposed material system can have tailored thermal expansion and stiffness properties.

The objective of this Phase I program is to determine the feasibility of using the carbon fiber encapsulated HOPG material system in spacecraft systems through the development and evaluation of material samples. The program will establish, through sample evaluation, key design, fabrication and performance characteristics.

Future commercial satellite platforms are dependent on proven, successful new technologies to reduce weight and improve reliability. Novel materials will allow for increased payload s with higher reliability. These payoffs will support the trend toward smaller less expensive satellites

Mark J. Montesano
k Technology Corporation
500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250
Fort Washington, PA 19034

k Technology Corporation
500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250
Fort Washington, PA 19034

PROJECT TITLE : High Performance Thin Film Piezoelectric Materials

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The potential applications of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have only begun to be recognized. This technology demands thin film materials with exceptional microstructural quality for high performance and processes with high yields. For piezoelectric microactuator applications, thin film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is the leading material choice. Furthermore, substitutional modifications offer the possibility for drastically reduced drive voltages necessary for actuation. A significant opportunity exists to develop a new process for deposition of a thin film microactuator material based on PZT. Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is the method of choice because it yields excellent microcrystallinity, has high deposition rates, and scales to large areas. Preliminary results at ATMI indicate that the deposition of high quality substitutionally modified thin films based on PZT is possible by MOCVD. In Phase I, we will develop this process for piezoelectric applications. Actuation and the piezoelectric coefficients of both unmodified and modified PZT will be measured at North Carolina State University (NCSU). Phase II will result in a process optimized for microfabricated cantilever devices, which will be fabricated with NCSU.

The process for novel PZT thin film materials developed in this program will have numerous military and commercial applications, including MEMS devices such as adaptive optics, microvalves for industrial and aircraft fluid flow control, and microflaps for aircraft drag reduction.

Ing-Shin Chen
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

PROJECT TITLE : UV Laser Micromachining and Replication For the Low Cost Production of Micromechanical Components

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Potomac Photonics, Inc., a manufacturer of UV lasers and micromachining systems, will investigate the fabrication of micromechanical components by UV laser micromachining of polymer molds. These molds will be used to produce metal parts by an electroplating process. Further low cost mass production techniques will be explored by using the metal components as molds for polymer replication.

This research will provide the MEMS industry with a low cost alternative for the fabrication of micromechanical devices. This system will be capable of rapid prototyping and affordable mass production.

Gregory P. Behrmann,
Potomac Photonics, Inc.,
4445 Nicole Drive,
Lanham, MD 20706

Potomac Photonics, Inc.,
4445 Nicole Drive,
Lanham, MD 20706

PROJECT TITLE : Safety Hazards And Emergency Deployment Of A Tethered Satellite System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

AIRSEDS-S, Atmospheric/Ionospheric Research Small Expendable Deployer System (Shuttle Based), and TSS-2, Tethered Satellite System, are tethered systems that will provide a means for NASA to explore the Earth's upper atmosphere and conduct aerothermodynamic research in the altitude range between 250-105 km, altitudes which cannot currently be explored using balloons or aircraft. These technologies developed for these missions will have direct application on future shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) based missions. Research will be conducted to provide an improved understanding of the safety hazards of a tethered satellite system and to understand their failure mechanisms, dynamics, control and recovery. The proposed innovation is to develop an emergency tether deployment system such that a tether will freely deploy or will be released under snag conditions, yet provide sufficient strength (greater than 75 N), if the tether has not been severed, once the tethered end mass is a sufficient distance from a platform, such as the space shuttle and the ISS.

Direct applications of the NASA SBIR research include the AIRSEDS-S tethered end mass, the TSS-2 satellite and future proposed ISS based tethered systems. It is also planned to spin off the developed technologies to several other areas including small satellite systems, automotive systems, and manufacturing. The commercialization program for the SBIR research will be conducted in conjunction with the AIRSEDS-S mission commericalization program and the AIRSEDS K-12 program, including the AIRSEDS/GAS program, which is an opportunity for students to send experiments of their own design into space. In addition, the results and experience from the SBIR research will be used towards growing The Michigan Technic Corporation's opportunities in the commercialization of tethers in space.

The Michigan Technic Corporation
17133 Inavale
Holland, Michigan 49424

PROJECT TITLE : Advanced Tether Dynamics Simulation

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Innovations in the area of tether dynamics simulation algorithms and simulation architecture are proposed to improve tether modeling and simulation capabilities for the coming applications of tethers in space transportation, science and engineering. Improvements in the simulation algorithm will allow more efficient modeling of tethers in slack or near slack conditions typical of tether dynamics safety studies.

Improvements in the simulation architecture including large scale parallel processing will build on the algorithm efficiencies yielding even greater improvements in simulation speed and size of problem that can be addressed. Tether applications in the near vicinity of Space Shuttle or Space Station operations will draw close scrutiny and will require detailed investigation of potential failure scenarios to assure maximum crew safety. Thus, high fidelity, high speed of execution and ready availability will be required of a tether simulation system. This proposed innovation activity will provide such a tool to the tether dynamics community.

It is currently envisioned that a successful Phase I will result in an improved tether dynamics simulation algorithm. This will result in a faster running, serial version of the tether dynamics simulation. In addition, the architecture will have been laid out in Phase I for a parallel processing version of the tether dynamics simulation which will offer even greater speedup potential.

The marketing potential for this activity stems from the large number of tetherapplications envisioned and the need for simulation and analysis required to bring them to maturity. For example, it has been proposed to fly a tether based system for towing the Space Station to boost its orbit using the residual orbiter OMS propellent. Studies of the dynamics of this activity will be required to establish the operational procedures to perform it safely. Other tether applications have also been proposed such as tethered atmospheric probes as well as electrodynamic, power generating tethers. The significant speedup envisioned for the tether dynamics simulation tools will be attractive to the organizations in government, university and industry currently planning tether applications in response to the call for better, faster and cheaper spacecraft.

Dr. John R. Glaese
Control Dynamics Division of
bd Systems
600 Boulevard South, Suite 304
Huntsville, AL 35802

bd Systems
385 Van Ness, Suite 200
Torrence, CA 90501-1420

PROJECT TITLE : Electrically Conductive Space-Durable Thermal Control Coatings to Mitigate Space Environmental Effects

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation we propose will develop new improved electrically conductive thermal control coatings such as Second Surface Mirrors (SSMÕs) to replace Ag-Teflon. These unique materials combine properties never before seen in a single material. The Phase I effort will provide an electrically conductive, optically-clear, atomic oxygen (AO) -resistant, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) stable, light-weight and user-friendly material which will effectively mitigate the problems associated with spacecraft electrostatic surface charging in the high-energy electron environments. Unlike current methods of depositing a conducting phase such as indium tin oxide on the exposed surfaces that result only in surface (not bulk) conductivity, TritonÕs approach will result in controllable bulk electrical conductivity. Further, unlike ITO coatings that only allow very small sections to be coated, TritonÕs proposed approach produces large continuous sheets of the conducting polymer film.

Our proposed effort, will chemically blend space-durable PAE-COR polymer with an electrically conducting polymer, using a proprietary blending approach. The blending of these polymers will provide the unique combined feature of variable bulk electrical conductivity, thermally stable to 210¡C, with exceptional resistance to atomic oxygen, optical clarity, low solar absorptance, and high thermal emittance in one material we call ÔC-CORÕ (Conductive - Colorless Oxygen Resistant).

Conductive PAE-COR can be used on any spacecraft whether the orbit is LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO or interplanetary, but it has the most value for those systems operating in LEO where constant bombardment by atomic oxygen is part of the space environment, in high orbits where spacecraft charging is a problem, or elliptic orbits where AO and charging are both encountered.

Triton Systems, Inc.
114 Turnpike Road
Chelmsford, MA 01824

PROJECT TITLE : New Technology Plasma Contactor

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A new technology plasma contactor is proposed for charge control of large satellites and space structures, using higher voltage solar arrays, to enable these spacecraft to operate reliably in a wide range of ambient space plasma environments. A unique plasma source design is presented which is capable of operating over a wide range of plasma electron currents, including transient, very high current spacecraft discharging demands, while requiring a minimum gas flow and very low power. Specific source design and operational tests are described for Phase I proof-of-concept demonstration of this new, scalable plasma contactor technology.

Commercial benefits of the proposed technology development path would be the availability of a versatile charge control system, adaptable to a wide range of future spacecraft charge control requirements.

Dr. Graeme Aston
Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Inc.
1040 Synthes Ave.
Monument, CO 80132

Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Inc.
1040 Synthes Ave.
Monument, CO 80132

PROJECT TITLE : SPACECRAFT CONTAMINATION MODEL HANDBOOK: APPLICATIONS AND COMPARISONS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation of this proposed study is the unique comparison of and the criteria to use each of the large number of spacecraft contamination models that have been generated via NASA funding and private industry. The capabilities of each model vary significantly so that it is hard for users to know exactly what they should use. The models that will be compared are the Shuttle Payload Contamination Evaluation (SPACE) model, Molflux, the Integrated Spacecraft Environments Model (ISEM), the Environments Workbench (EWB), and the Contamination Assessment Program (CAP). A handbook will be generated that compares the models in great detail and clearly defines what application each has. A sample case will be developed that each model will be applied against to show how to use them and graphically demonstrate the differences between them. The objectives are to clearly delineate the components of each model relative to all the others that will allow users to determine which model is accurate for their needs. The results of this innovation will allow NASA, DoD, and industry to perform proper analysis to insure the success of all space missions.

The commercial application of the project will be the understanding of the various spacecraft contamination models, their application, availability and comparison to other models. NASA, DoD and industry can use the results to perform contamination analysis with more accurate results that will help insure increased mission success of all space systems.

Dr. Raymond O. Rantanen
ROR Enterprises
2455 W. Summer Ave.
Athol, ID 83801

ROR Enterprises
2455 W.Summer Ave.
Athol, ID 83801

PROJECT TITLE : Electrically Conductive Anodized Aluminum Thermal Control Coatings

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The electrical conductivity of anodized aluminum thermal control coating will be enhanced by deposition of an electronically conductive metal oxide within the anodic oxide pores. The electrical charge that might otherwise accumulate on its surface in the ambient space plasma will leak off through the coating. This will prevent structural damage from sputtering of the alloy substrate at coating breaks, and minimize electrical noise. In a previous study processes were developed to deposit the conductive oxide, MnO2, in the anodized coating. It was found to cause only minimal increase in coating absorptivity, and satisfactory electrical conductivity was obtained when measured with a metallic contact. But in a simulated space plasma environment these same coatings had poor conductivity. Subsequent examination showed that the conductive pores were highly localized, and this is likely to have caused poor coupling between the coating and plasma. We will develop new deposition processes to produce a more uniform distribution of conductive pores, so that all parts of the surface will have similar access to conductive channels. This will improve coupling in the space plasma and increase conductivity. Feasibility will be established by measuring electrical properties of coated specimens in vacuum plasma.

Conductive anodized coatings can be used as low cost thermal control coatings for commercial satellites, such as for communications, and will provide improved performance by reducing noise from arcing associated with accumulation and discharge of surface charge.

Dr. Robert S. Alwitt
Boundary Technologies, Inc.
366 Lexington Drive
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089-6933

Boundary Technologies, Inc.
366 Lexington Drive
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089-6933

PROJECT TITLE : Enhanced Spaceborne Parallel Fiber Optic Data Link Performance

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Phase I SBIR proposal offers an innovative approach for the enhancement of spaceborne fiber optic link data handling capability by taking full advantage of both the existing spaceborne flight data system capabilities and those associated with the new IEEE P1393 standard. The principle innovation is our proposed direct linkage of the currently existing serial fiber optic data bus networks and protocols with subsystem interconnects that take advantage of parallel optical fibers. A key advantage of using parallel optical data include reduced speed per fiber optic channel allowing designers to use low voltage CMOS, as opposed to GaAs that is required for channel speeds exceeding 200 Mbps. An eight bit implementation could provide data transfers of up to 1.6 Gbps while retaining low power consumption per channel. Our designs would also take advantage of very low power low threshold semiconductor lasers. In addition, the proposed linkage is dynamically reconfigurable based on load or fault conditions, significantly improving system performance and reliability. Finally, we propose to investigate the use of a scaleable data rate for the parallel link, based on using variations in the number of bit-channels and in the clock speed. Analysis will include performance impact and protocol requirements.

The target market for the fiber optic gateway transceivers proposed is the rapidly growing area of communications and networks, specifically local area networks (LANs) and central office distribution. The gateways are ideal for the distribution of high speed serial data, high speed ATM/SONET for example, for rapid LAN handling. The link bottlenecks would be minimized due simply to the intra-LAN parallel data transfers with very low latency at each of the LAN nodes. In addition, the fault tolerant features of the proposed effort are of great importance to the telecom marketplace.

Dr. Joseph A Parker, Jr.
Manager, Switching and Networks
3450 Hillview Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94304

Optivision, Inc.
3450 Hillview Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94304

PROJECT TITLE : AN ARCHITECTURE FOR AUTONOMOUS SPACECRAFT ENGINEERING DATA

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Autonomous spacecraft will require detailed knowledge of its mission, its status, and its environment, and highly reliable software for handling anomalous and fault conditions. The Essential Services Node (ESN) provides a hardware interface to the increasing number of spacecraft sensors that will be required for autonomous operation. The spacecraft data bus, heavily burdened with science data, will limit the ability of the spacecraft to function autonomously. We propose ESN-embedded expert system firmware that will vastly increase the rate of information transfer to the host, by real-time optimization of data content, and which will also eliminate custom programming of the host computer for new sensors. The increased efficiency of spacecraft bus use will not only provide the rate of information transfer needed for the autonomous spacecraft, but will reduce preflight contention for bus time allocations, and expedite system and subsystem test and integration. We will confirm in this Phase I SBIR that this technique will yield an order of magnitude increase in the engineering data bus efficiency . This architecture will provide the spacecraft health monitoring performance needed for the autonomous spacecraft, and will yield cost reductions essential for NASA and commercial spacecraft.

Substantial commercial potential exists for products that implement this architecture. Daedalian System Corporation has been in contact with major aerospace companies that have expressed serious interest in this product for application in commercial satellites and commercial launch vehicles. NASA missions like MIDEX could benefit from this product.

John W. Allen
Daedalian Systems Corporation
7474 Greenway Center Drive, Suite 640
Greenbelt, MD 20770

Daedalian Systems Corporation
7474 Greenway Center Drive, Suite 640
Greenbelt, MD 20770

PROJECT TITLE : Ultralight Inflatable Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrators for Space Power

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

ENTECH proposes an innovative solar concentrator applicable to both static and dynamic energy conversion systems. The novel concentrator is an ultralight inflatable Fresnel lens, which can be configured as either a point-focus dome lens or a line-focus cylindrical lens. The point-focus dome lens will provide excellent optical efficiency (~ 90%) at high concentration ratios (500-2,000X) required for solar dynamic conversion systems (i.e., Brayton and Stirling cycle converters). The line-focus cylindrical lens will provide excellent optical efficiency (~ 90%) at moderate concentration ratios (9-30X) required for advanced photovoltaic arrays. Both configurations will provide extremely low mass due to the inflatable self-supporting structural approach. Both configurations will provide a 300-fold advantage in shape error tolerance over reflective optical oncentrators due to the proposed symmetrical-refraction lens design. Under the proposed Phase I program, ENTECH will produce conceptual designs for both lens versions, estimate their mass properties, perform a micrometeoroid damage analysis, determine the best methods for manufacturing the lenses, define optical performance levels, fabricate proof-of-concept models of the line-focus lens, prepare plans for later phases, and document all key results. The result of this SBIR project is expected to be a new family of inflatable, refractive, solar concentrators for future space power applications.

The two versions of the inflatable Fresnel lens solar concentrator will have different commercial applications. The large dome-shaped, point-focus lens will be used to concentrate sunlight into cavity thermal receivers of solar dynamic conversion systems (Stirling, Brayton, or Rankine cycles) for space power. The small cylindrical line-focus lens will be used to concentrate sunlight onto advanced photovoltaic cells (GaAs,GaInP/GaAs tandem, GaAs/GaSb tandem) in space solar arrays. The line-focus version will be a natural improvement over existing rigid lenses made by ENTECH for photovoltaic concentrator arrays (PASP+, SCARLET1, SCARLET2). The point-focus version will be ideally suited for the potentially more efficient, lighter weight, and lower cost thermodynamic energy conversion systems of the future. The point-focus concentrator will also be used in solar thermophotovoltaic converters and solar furnaces for space material processing.

Name: Mark J. O'Neill
Organization Name: ENTECH, Inc.
Mail Address: 1077 Chisolm Trail
City/State/Zip: Keller, TX, 76248

Firm Name: ENTECH, Inc.
Mail Address: 1077 Chisolm Trail
City/State/Zip: Keller, TX 76248

PROJECT TITLE : Ultra-High-Efficiency, Monolithic, Dual-Junction InGaP/InGaAs-on-Ge Solar Cells

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Currently, tandem solar cells are used for high-performance space power generation and achieve conversion efficiencies approaching 25%. Relative to single-cell technology, the higher production costs of tandem cells are more than offset by their higher efficiency, and consequential reduction in array size and weight. The traditional tandem cell design is far from optimal, however. The bandgaps for the top and bottom cells are chosen to avoid growing lattice-mismatched epitaxial layers, instead of for achieving ultimate conversion efficiencies. We propose to perfect a buffer layer scheme so that mismatched layers can be grown without electrical degradation. By so doing, we can grow a tandem cell with optimized bandgaps and achieve conversion efficiencies >30%. The compositional step-graded buffer technique has been used successfully in molecular beam epitaxy to constrain threading dislocations to nonactive buffer layers. Our innovation is to transfer this technique to the organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy growth method, which is the technology used to produce solar cells commercially, and to design and build a tandem cell with optimized bandgaps for air-mass-zero (AM0), one-sun illumination. The InGaP top cell, InGaAs bottom cell, Ge substrate structure will have an efficiency >30%, be rugged, lightweight, and commercially economic and manufacturable.

The tandem cell we propose to develop (InGaP/InGaAs/Ge) will increase the efficiency of current technology (InGaP/GaAs/Ge) from 25 to 30%. This will translate to enormouse savings in array size, weight, and launce costs. Our InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell will directly replace the InGaP/GaAs/Ge cell to power the burgeoning number of commercial satellites.

Richard W. Hoffman, Jr.
Essential Research, Inc.
21000 Brookpark Road, Mail Stop 302-1
Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Essential Research, Inc.
2460 Fairmount Blvd., Suite A
Cleveland, Ohio 44106

PROJECT TITLE : : A High Performance Lithium Battery Using an Alloy Anode

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A program to develop a novel lightweight high energy density lithium battery optimized for the high cycle life and high energy density requirements of satellite applications is described. The proposed cell, which will permit a dramatic reduction in spacecraft weight, size and cost, uses a LiCoO2 based cathode material, either a liquid or polymeric electrolyte and a lithium-magnesium alloy anode. An important component of the proposed cell, the alloy anode, will permit the fabrication of a battery with exceptional specific energy, energy density, and cycle life. The cell will incorporate a carbon fiber web in the cathode structure further reducing the weight of the cell and improving high rate performance. The cell will also incorporate advanced composite materials in the case and electrode components further reducing the weight of the cells. The proposed prismatic design will efficiently utilize the available space. A highly structured collaborative program is described to develop a novel battery chemistry specifically designed for satellite applications that will also find numerous dual use applications. The proposed program includes component materials selection, fabrication and testing as well as the fabrication and testing of prototype cells.

Commercial Satellites, Power Station Load Leveling, Portable Communications devices, Computers.

Dr. Grant M. Ehrlich
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic Street
Pawcatuck, CT 06379

Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic Street
Pawcatuck, CT 06379

PROJECT TITLE : Micron-Sized Fibrous Oxide Electrode Materials for High Energy Density, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

State-of-the-art LixMnO2 cathode materials for high energy density, rechargeable lithium batteries will be made in the form of micro-fibers by a novel technique, and tested in prototypical lithium cells. Cathodes of LixMnO2 have shown very good potential for high power densities in research cells. However, as these materials are currently made - in pressed powder form - they suffer from low conductivity and poor cycle life, and they are difficult to fabricate into "jelly roll" electrodes for high capacity cells. The innovation should greatly improve rate and cycling capabilities, enable the fabrication of flexible "felt" electrodes for cylindrical cells, and reduce production cost. Objectives are to 1) fabricate and characterize fibrous oxide electrode materials, 2) test prototypical lithium cells and compare their performance to conventionally prepared materials, and 3) demonstrate the feasibility of large scale electrode production. The program will demonstrate that fibrous oxide electrodes can be incorporated into rechargeable lithium batteries that are safe, have long cycle and shelf lives, and have very high power densities.

Reliable, high energy, high power rechargeable batteries would find a large market in portable consumer products such as telephones, televisions, video cameras, computers and electric vehicle propulsion. The proposed innovation in oxide fiber fabrication could also produce new fibers for use in structural composite materials.

Dr. Mark F. Welker
TPL, Inc.
3921 Academy Parkway North, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109-4416

TPL, Inc.
6808 Academy Parkway East, NE, Suite A2
Albuquerque, NM 87109-4465

PROJECT TITLE : NI-MH BATTERY FOR MANNED APPLICATIONS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) battery system offers the potential of high energy density, sealed operation and safety for manned space applications. Conventional cylindrical, coiled electrode cells are capable of 500+ cyclesbefore failure at an energy density of 60-65 Wh/kg. The object of this project is to develop the technology to build Ni-MH batteries capable of hundreds of cycles with an energy density greater than 100 Wh/kg at the cell leveland 80 Wh/kg at the battery level. These energy densities which would make this type of battery suitable for manned space applications ranging from hand held tools to EMU power packs.

Electro Energy, Inc. is developing a bipolar nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery. This novel packaging approach along with lightweight components, selected with some sacrifice in cycle-life, is proposed for development for manned space applications.

The main commercial application of this program would be rechargeable batteries whose applications range from portable electronic appliances to electric vehicles. Specialty small capacity commercial applications for Ni-MH batteries include computers, camcorders, and cellular phones.

Martin Klein
Electro Energy, Inc.
Shelter Rock Lane, Danbury, CT 06810

Electro Energy, Inc.
Shelter Rock Lane
Danbury, CT 06810

PROJECT TITLE : Development of a Fully Integrated Composite Flywheel

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Foster Miller will design and fabricate a braided composite hub which will enable production of an integral hub/rim flywheel for spacecraft applications. High performance composite flywheels are under development to replace both the batteries and the conventional attitude control wheels with an Integrated Power and Attitude Control System (IPACS). The innovative one piece flywheel will be fabricated using a proven, proprietary Foster-Miller process for direct integration of separately preformed composite parts for greatly improved performance in high speed rotating machinery. Working closely with our no cost team member, SatCon Technologies, who is currently developing flywheel-based IPACS for commercial satellites, Foster-Miller will demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing a fully integrated composite flywheel. Following successful completion of the Phase I program, SatCon will pursue further development both in a Phase II program as well as through other funding channels. The proposed program directly supports the topic requirement of lightweight flywheel energy storage systems with high energy and power density. Using the Foster Miller integrated composite flywheel design, the SatCon IPACS will be able to meet the energy storage and control requirements of future spacecraft.

Flywheel energy storage systems, fabricated primarily from composite materials, are being developed for many transportation modes including transit buses, trains, cars, uninterruptable power sources (UPS), space stations and satellites. Consequently, the innovative Foster Miller integral flywheel design has significant potential for commercial business development in a range of industries.

Thomas G. Campbell, Engineering Manager
Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Foster-Miller, Inc.,
350 Second Avenue,
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

PROJECT TITLE : Ultracapacitors Using Diamond-Like Nanocomposite Films

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The use of ultracapacitor technology in energy storage devices and other cost and lifetime sensitive applications is limited by several factors such as energy density, specific power, cost (including materials and production costs) and lifetime. Current approaches and technologies do not adequately address these issues. Several of these problems can be overcome effectively by utilizing ART's novel and highly tailorable Diamond-Like Nanocomposite (DLN) thin film technology. DLN films exhibit good adhesion to a variety of substrate materials, high electrical resistivity (1014 W-cm), high dielectric breakdown (106 - 108 V/cm) and dielectric constant in the range of 3-20. DLN films offer the potential of replacing conventional polymeric dielectrics with a durable, thermally stable, hard thin film coating with high energy density, high dielectric breakdown, and reduced weight.

The workplan includes demonstration of high dielectric breakdown, high energy density of DLN capacitance structures on a variety of substrate materials, and design and fabrication of large area capacitance multilayers. The capacitance structures will be tested at ART, at State University of New York at Buffalo and United Technologies Research Center. Fundamental characterization of the diamond-like properties of the films will be performed at ART. Finally, a structure-processing-property correlation will also be attempted.

DLN based ultracapacitors for defibrillators, pulsed power units for vehicle propulsion, power stabilizers for computers, hand-held tools and navigational aids. Other applications include electrostatic chucks for semiconductor industry, pulse accelerators, lasers, memories, camcorders, backup devices on computers. Applications requiring tailored dielectric and resistivity properties such as printer/copier rollers and thin film resistive heaters.

Advanced Refractory Technologies, Inc.
699 Hertel Ave.
Buffalo, NY 14207

PROJECT TITLE : 36-Watt Stirling Converter with Reduced Alternator Mass and Innovative Vibration Reduction System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) used for deep space exploration and other missions are currently based on thermoelectric conversion technology with typical efficiencies of 6.5 to 9%. The projected increase in efficiency to 23 to 26% for the Stirling system will reduce isotope inventory and potentially lower the mass of the RPS. Stirling Technology Company(STC) projects that an innovative free-piston, linear alternator Stirling converter with the moving components supported by flexural bearings will achieve the projected efficiency and meet other RPS requirements including life and reliability. The heat source for the RPS module will be two General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules with surface temperatures maintained below 1100øC through radiative and/or conductive heat transfer. The converter pressure vessel will protect it from harsh environments, and the flexural bearings will resist damage from shock loading. Innovations include: 1) a proprietary vibration reduction system tailored for use with opposed free-piston Stirling converters, 2) a rugged alternator with minimized mass and advanced cooling techniques, and 3) reduced-mass flexural bearings. Endurance demonstration of a pair of 36-watt Stirling converters, including the regenerator matrix, is key to establishing the viability of this technology both for space and terrestrial applications.

The proposed Stirling power system is initially intended for NASA missions. Commercial terrestrial applications identified by Teledyne Brown Engineering include weather stations, acoustic beacons, oceanographic and seismic data collection, navigational aids, pipeline control and communication, pipeline cathodic protection, communication translator/repeaters, and wellhead control systems.

Brad A. Ross, Senior Engineer
STIRLING TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
4208 West Clearwater Avenue, Kennewick WA 99336-2626

STIRLING TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
4208 West Clearwater Avenue, Kennewick WA 99336-2626

PROJECT TITLE : Extended Operating Temperature Range of Self-Humidified Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal focuses on efforts for extending the operating temperature of self-humidified proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The proposer has developed a technology for such fuel cells using the deposits of solubilized electrolytes, but the operating temperature is limited to 50-60oC at the atmospheric pressure. The overall project objective is to extend the temperature to 80oC or higher. The project goal will be achieved through addition of selected, strongly hydrophilic, and inert agents into the solubilized electrolyte. The water absorption capability of the electrolyte will be increased without excessively increasing the fuel cell resistance. The solubilized electrolyte will be mixed with an additive prior to applying the deposit on the electrode. The amount of additive will be varied in the range 1-20% on the basis of the dry weight of the deposit. A number of membranes and solubilized membranes will be evaluated. The platinum loading of electrodes will be 0.5 mg×cm-2. Initial experiments will use fuel cells of 25 cm2 electrode areas. The promising combinations of additive and deposit will be also evaluated in 50 cm2 cells. As the final outcome, one four-cell stack will be assembled and evaluated to confirm the findings of this project.

With successful completion of the project, the range of operating temperature of self-humidified proton exchange membrane fuel cells will be increased. The fuel cell will operate at a higher temperature. The water management in the cell will be improved, and cell cooling requirements will be minimized. The production and operation of the fuel cell will be less costly. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is of great interest as the standby power source for meeting power requirements of residential and commercial users. In addition, as an alternate power source, the fuel cell will be useful in electric vehicles, defense applications, and space missions.

Hari P. Dhar,
BCS Technology, Inc.,
2812 Finfeather Road, Bryan, TX 77801

BCS Technology, Inc.,
2812 Finfeather Road, Bryan, TX 77801

PROJECT TITLE : Improved Thin Film Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Lithium polymer batteries offer a combination of advantages not found in any other battery systems. In particular, lithium batteries offer high electronegativity and light weight, while polymer electrolytes offer safer and more rugged batteries at even lighter weights. Polymer mixed with high weight percent of solvent will create a more highly conductive gel. Using a thin film geometry will maximize the surface area to volume ratio of the electrodes and will increase the cathode efficiency as well as lower the packaging weight. A conducive electrolyte gel, that is conducive to thin film processing is to be developed. The materials proposed are fire resistant and the low temperature performance (to -20o C) is expected to exhibit excellent conductivities (10-4 ). Benefits to the space program will include more compact batteries with increased energy densities, estimated at 200 Wh/kg, through more efficient utilization of battery components (cathode and electrolyte). Phase II of this work will involve making multilayer stacks of thin film batteries (in situ). This will offer advantages of decreasing the relative packaging weight per battery as well as specifically fit voltages (multiples of the bases cell), as well as increased power density through parallel cell construction.

A thin film electrolyte, of approximately 1 micron thick, that may be applied in the form of a thin film battery have enormous commercial applications in the electronic industry by supplying chips with onboard power supplies. By making the electrolyte thin, a battery several microns thick may be mass produced and made with a minimum penalty in weight and size yielding higher energy densities.

Trey Huntoon
Sigma Labs
10960 N. Stallard Pl.
Tucson AZ. 8574

PROJECT TITLE : High Power Density Lightweight Flywheels

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

AMT will develop, in conjunction with SatCon, an innovative fiber reinforced composite rotor design for achieving a light weight flywheel energy storage (FES) system for application to NASA small spacecraft that will also serve as the spacecraft attitude control system. Flywheel energy storage, in place of chemical batteries, is an attractive means of achieving high energy density. By integrating the functions of spacecraft energy storage and attitude control, significant weight and packaging volume reductions can be achieved. The objective of the project is to achieve a rotor design with energy storage of 250 W-hrs and an energy density of 200 W-hrs/kg which has not been done before. The energy density of chemical batteries is approximately 40 W-hrs/kg.

A high energy density rotor requires effective utilization of advanced composite materials configured so as to permit the highest possible rotational operating speed. To achieve the energy storage and density specified above, it is critical that the design of the rotor be such that failure occurs in the outer rim at maximum operating speed and that the hub, which transmits load between the rim and the rotor suspension be of very low mass.

The commercial markets for high energy density, high energy storage include:
Flywheel Systems
Electric Cars
Electrical Power Standby for Commercial Power Stations
Remote Residential Energy Storage (in conjunction with solar energy)
Mobile Power Storage Systems
Supplemental Energy Systems for Vehicles

William E. Davis, Vice President
Applied Material Technologies, Inc.
3611 S. Harbor Blvd., Suite 225
Santa Ana, CA 92704

Applied Material Technologies, Inc.
3611 S. Harbor Blvd., Suite 225
Santa Ana, CA 92704Trey Huntoon
Sigma Labs
10960 N. Stallard Pl.
Tucson AZ. 8574

PROJECT TITLE : : NiH2 Spacecraft Batteries with Effective Performance >100 W-hr/kg

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In this research Boundless Corp. will prove the feasibility of combining NiH2 batteries with spacecraft honeycomb structures. The resulting device, called PowerCore, will significantly improve spacecraft energy storage. Our research will be an extrapolation our ongoing work for DOE on a similar device for terrestrical applications using NiMH electrochemistry. This new NASA Phase I research will fabricate and test a critical electrode stack with a Pt negative electrode. Our vision is to improve overall space system performance by using PowerCore to eliminate battery volume, achieve an effective energy storage performance better than 100 w-hr/kg, and retain a cycle life of tens of thousands of cycles like current NiH2 batteries. Spacecraft structure and batteries rank first and second, respectively, in the mass budgets of most unfuelled, unmanned spacecraft. Honeycomb sandwich panels are widely used in spacecraft structure. We will prove the feasibility of replacing the inert honeycomb core with electrochemically active NiH2 battery materials. The new device, called PowerCore, will maintain the structural characteristics of honeycomb while also serving as a battery with extremely long cycle life as compared with emerging Li and NiMH technology.

Commercial applications for PowerCore include spacecraft and extend to electric vehicles, portable electronics, and cordless power tools. All of these devices benefit from lighter-weight and longer operating time achievable by integrating structure and batteries.

Boundless Corp.
1898 Flatiron Ct. Suit #5A
Boulder, CO 80301

PROJECT TITLE : High Capacity Anodes for Li Ion Batteries

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Research to develop high-capacity (>600 mAh/g) tin oxide anodes suitable for rechargeable Li ion batteries is proposed. The Phase I program is aimed at gaining a fundamental understanding of the structure-property relations of the tin oxides as well as identification of experimental conditions leading to the materials with the best overall performance of capacity, rate and rechargeability. The Li ion batteries when fully developed will have specific energies approaching 200 Wh/kg and energy densities exceeding 400 Wh/l. They are expected to fulfill the innovation NASA is seeking for portable, rechargeable energy concepts with significant increases in energy density than current densities, but with only hundreds, rather than thousands of cycles.

Rechargeable Li ion batteries are expected to find applications in portable consumer products such as cellular phones, pagers, computers, camcorder and electric tools.

Dr. Zhiping Jiang
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062

EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062

PROJECT TITLE : Gallium Arsenide Static Induction Transistors for Power Switching in Cryogenic Power Management and Distribution Modules in Space Probes and Satellites

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The design and fabrication of novel gallium arsenide (GaAs) static induction transistors (SITs) for cryogenic operation as the power switching transistor in space-based power management and distribution modules (PMADs) is proposed. The shallow donor and acceptor energy levels in GaAs enable transistor operation to temperatures <40 K, which are well below the freeze-out range of Si devices. The GaAs SITs can not only reduce or eliminate the circuit heating requirements aboard satellites and deep space probes, but also can improve by more than a factor of two the PMAD efficiency by reducing on-state resistance losses. Also, higher switching speeds enable the use of smaller capacitors and inductors in frequency or pulse width modulation power converters, thereby easing the fabrication of near lossless superconductive passive components. Under Phase I, GaAs SITs will be tested to manage the 28ñ4 V unregulated satellite bus voltage supply with an isolation voltage of 100 V for safe and reliable operating margin. The Phase I GaAs SITs will be qualified at 0.5-1.0 A current capacity at <40 K; GaAs SIT designs operating at 100 W or more as needed for NASA missions will be produced under Phase II.

Applications with NASA requirements also exist in the low earth orbiting satellite (LEOS) market. The high performance commercial market includes compact and efficient switching mode power supplies, longer running uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), and rapid recovery power factor correction (PFC) equipment. Robert Hickman II, SVT Associates, Inc., 7620 Executive Drive, Eden Prairie, MN 55344

SVT Associates, Inc.,
7620 Executive Drive,
Eden Prairie, MN 55344

PROJECT TITLE : Triton Composite Material for Lightweight EMI Shielding

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Triton Systems, Inc. will develop a new light - weight electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material for high Òshielding effectivenessÓ (SE) - in both near and far fields - over a wide EM frequency range - for vehicles in space, that will be based on a new unique graphite-epoxy material that is electrically conductive in both its matrix and fiber preform - and also has high Z (with retained low density) - for added shielding - at much lower weight than aluminum or tantalum EMI shields. Present aluminum and tantalum EMI shields are heavy and cannot be formed with the ease of the composite materials proposed here. Some state of the art composite materials lack high shielding efficiency (SE) ecause they lack conductivity. The Triton composite shield of this Program will be conductive, and will allow the development of light-weight effective composite EMI shields.

Triton Systems anticipates that as a result of this Phase I program, new low-weight EMI shields will be developed for prompt use by NASA in space vehicles. This will lead to effective and low-cost applications in both NASA and commercial satellites, space probes, and high-altitude aircraft.

Triton Systems, Inc.
114 Turnpike Road
Chelmsford, MA 01824

PROJECT TITLE : Thin Film Coating to Protect FEP Teflon from Soft X-rays, Atomic Oxygen, and ESD

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Astral Technology Unlimited, Inc. (ATU) proposes to deposit, onto fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) thermal control materials, a slightly conductive metal oxide thin film that absorbs soft x-rays and resists atomic oxygen (A.O.) attack. ATU will also deposit the metal oxide film with a PTFE fluoropolymer filling to make the film more flexible and extensible. The protective coating is nonflammable, non-toxic, has low off gassing characteristics, and should prove stable in the synergistic effects of the natural space environment. The coating will attenuate x-rays of ten angstroms or longer, greatly reduce the effects of A.O. combined with VUV radiation, and prevent electro-static discharge (ESD) when grounded. This protective coating will ensure nominal optical and physical properties throughout the life of a spacecraft and allow the continued use of FEP Teflon for high performance radiator surfaces, solar concentrator power generation, and general spacecraft thermal control surfaces.

Commercial Low Earth Orbit spacecraft systems involving hundreds of spacecraft for various types of communication are either in the fabrication process or are being planned over the next 5 to 10 years. The thin film coating proposed in this Phase I SBIR would allow the continued use of FEP Teflon For Thermal Control and Solar Concentrators without performance degradation over the life of the spacecraft.

Eugene Hildreth,
Astral Technology Unlimited, Inc.,
2103 Hidden Valley Rd., Northfield, MN 55057

Astral Technology Unlimited, Inc.,
2103 Hidden Valley Road, Northfield, MN 55057

PROJECT TITLE : : INFLATABLE PHOTON BUCKET

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Ground reception of space based optical communication transmissions presents special challenges due to weather and atmospheric attenuation. The technology requires many large telescopes to gather the available optical energy at ground level and avoid cloud cover and bad weather. Low cost optical buckets of 1 to 10 meters diameter are required. The proposed innovation is to use an inflatable reflector as the heart of the photon bucket design. This concept uses thin membranes, supported by a positively pressurized gas, as a reflector. While not as optically precise as a finely ground glass mirror, the surface accuracy of the film is more than adequate for use as a photon bucket. The simplicity, portability, accuracy, and economy of the inflatable antenna design allows large reflectors to be built and deployed in sufficient quantities to render reliable ground based reception of space based optical transmissions feasible.

Low cost optical buckets have been the primary missing feature restraining the development of extensive optical space communications. The technology could reduce the power requirements of deep space missions while maintaining a viable communications link. With the smaller is better philosophy in the space community, and the emphasis on interplanetary missions, interest could be high. The technology also lends itself very well to the role as solar concentrator. The RF feed could be replaced by an array of high energy solar cells and prove to be an alternate power source.

David L. Lichodziejewski
L'Garde, Inc.
15181 Woodlawn Avenue
Tustin, CA 92780

L'Garde, Inc.
15181 Woodlawn Avenue
Tustin, CA 92780

PROJECT TITLE : : Advanced Optoelectronic Packaging for Space Communications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Radiance proposes to develop a new opto-electronic packaging technology for optical space communication. The package will provide high-thermal dissipation, microwave-speed electrical connections, thermal expansion matched to GaAs, submicron alignment of optical components and hermetic, high-reliability packaging. This will be possible by the use of a novel low-cost composite substrate that combine unique properties that where until now considered mutually exclusive of each other. This, combined with an innovative use of low cost micro-optics will allow the package to use newly developed high-power, high-speed semiconductor laser sources and associated driver electronics which are prime candidates for high bit rate optical space communications. This technology will enable an order of magnitude reduction in package weight and size while increasing performance and reliability.

The proposed package will represent a significant performance, cost and size advantage over conventional optoelectronic packages for high power and high speed optoelectronics. Applications include inter and intra satellite optical communications, laser sources for printing and data storage. It will also significantly lower the cost of high reliability packages of pump lasers used in Er -doped amplifiers for long-haul fiber telecommunications.

Frank Shum,
Radiance Design,
1531 Oriole Avenue,
Sunnyvale, CA 94087

Frank Shum,
Radiance Design,
1531 Oriole Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94087

PROJECT TITLE : SMALL LIGHT-WEIGHT ULTRA-HIGH-EFFICIENCY X-BAND SSPA FOR MICROSPACECRAFT

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

It is highly desirable to replace bulky, failure prone, traveling wave tubes traditionally used for satellite downlinks with solid state components (SSPA's). However, despite steady progress, there remains a large gap between desired performance for microspacecraft applications (where prime power and allowable size and weight are at a premium) and current SSPA capability. Recently, Microwave Monolithics Incorporated (MMInc.) has developed a series of ultra-high-efficiency monolithic power amplifiers operating from UHF to L-Band which have demonstrated power-added efficiencies of 80%. MMInc. proposes to bring this performance to higher operating frequencies through materials enhancements, device scaling, and innovative circuit techniques. The result will allow MMInc. to "leapfrog" current SSPA technology, and construct reliable, ultra-high-efficiency X-Band power amplifier for microspacecraft applications. Detailed design and analysis of these devices and circuits in phase I will be followed by amplifier fabrication, characterization, and optimization in phase II.

The proposed ultra-high-efficiency X-Band power amplifiers would find wide use in commercial space and terrestrial communications systems, as well as military and commercial phased array radars. The potential market for such solid state amplifiers is thus extremely large, and is currently limited by availability rather than demand.

DANIEL P. SIU
MICROWAVE MONOLITHICS INCORPORATED
465 E. EASY ST.
SIMI VALLEY, CA 93065

MICROWAVE MONOLITHICS INCORPORATED
465 E. EASY ST.
SIMI VALLEY, CA 93065

PROJECT TITLE : High efficiency Doherty Power Amplifier for 32 GHz Transmitter Application

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Synoptel proposes a combination of novel technologies involving Doherty power amplifierdesign, push-pull power combining and low cost laminated plastic waveguide packaging to create anefficient power amplifier with output power of 1 to 3 watts for 32 GHz space communications systemsincluding interplanetary probes. Doherty power amplifiers provide high efficiency and linearity overwidely varying input drive levels, while push pull combining offers high combining efficiency overbroad bandwidth operation. This combination could lead to the development of power amplifiers withhigh efficiency (up to 50% depending on output power) and high linearity at Ka-band (32 GHz), although creating a short in the circuit and designing low loss balun is challenging. Our novel metalclad, laminated plastic waveguide packaging concept combined with gold post interconnects willsignificantly reduce the cost and mass of the power amplifier. We will investigate suitability of theseinnovative concepts for use at millimeter wave frequencies by investigating a 32 GHz poweramplifiers in Phase 1 of this SBIR program.

Insertion of proposed technology in millimeter wave transceivers will have potential commercialapplications for point-to-point radio for high data rate communications, local multipoint distributionsystems for video distribution, and commercial LEO satellites.

Dr. Krishna PandeSynoptel, Inc.
12200 Galesville Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20878

Synoptel, Inc.
12200 Galesville Drive

PROJECT TITLE : A Compression System for Telemedicine and Medical Image Archiving Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The growth in telemedicine and volume of archived medical image data has necessitated the use of image compression in the medical community. The need for high-quality low bitrate compression cannot be met with the current technological standard, JPEG. New technologies have been developed which significantly outperform JPEG. One such technology is adaptive wavelet/UTCQ. Wavelet/UTCQ is among the best compression algorithms in the scientific literature and was judged by imagery analysts to provide better lossy compression than any other algorithm submitted in the NITFS low bitrate competition.

We propose to add lossless/near lossless capabilities, including region of interest (ROI) support, to adaptive wavelet/UTCQ. These capabilities are necessary for medical applications and will allow for initial dissemination at low bitrate/bandwidth followed by ROI updating to lossless or near lossless quality. Techniques that will be investigated to provide this functionality include diagonal coding, other entropy coding methods, and predictive/entropy coding techniques. Extension of wavelet/UTCQ to include the compression of multicomponent medical imagery shall be explored. The preliminary design and specification of a hardware accelerator will be carried out in Phase I. Phase II will involve the creation of a hardware/software system for the fast and efficient compression and transmission of this imagery.

Numerous commercial applications utilize image digitization and compression for telecommunications, broadcast, and storage of imagery, video, multimedia, and interactive television. Applications include image quality for video databases, numerous military applications, mapping, medical imaging, telemedicine, and medical databases.

Dr. James S. Kasner
Member of Technical Staff
1480 Drew Ave.
Davis, CA 95616

Optivision, Inc.
3450 Hillview Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94304

PROJECT TITLE : Carbon Nanotube-Based Vacuum Microelectronics Devices

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Practical vacuum microelectronics devices require robust electron emitters. Carbon nanotubes are robust, stable, low-field, high-current electron emitters, but a practical method to manufacture gated cathodes is required. Recently, Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. (ATMI) developed a novel technique to fabricate carbon nanotube emitters in patterned areas. We propose to employ this new carbon nanotube fabrication approach to produce a robust, high-performance vacuum microelectronics amplifier. The proposed amplifier will be compact, efficient, inexpensive and have a high cut-off frequency. The carbon nanotube-based vacuum microelectronics device should operate well over a wide temperature range and should be stable in harsh environments, including in the presence of ionizing radiation. Compared to other published emitter-based vacuum devices, the proposed amplifier can tolerate poorer vacuum, will have higher gain, will operate at lower voltage and have a longer lifetime. The objective of the Phase I program is to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating carbon nanotube-based device by fabricating a prototype amplifier. In Phase II, we plan to optimize the device design and fabrication processes and identify a partner for Phase III commercialization.

The proposed vacuum microelectronics amplifier can be used in microwave electronics and satellite communications. The carbon nanotube emitters and the fabrication technology developed in this proposal can be utilized in a variety of practical and manufacturable vacuum microelectronics devices.

Xueping Xu
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

PROJECT TITLE : Super Low Noise High Electron Mobility Transistors and Amplifier Monolithic Integrated Circuits for Ka-band to Millimeter-Wave Satellite Communications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Novel super low noise high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and low noise amplifier (LNA) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) are proposed for Ka-band to millimeter-wave communication applications. Fabricated Al(0.38)Ga(0.62)As(0.53)Sb(0.47)/In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As HEMTs with quantum well offsets of ~0.85 eV will be qualified by mm-wave test and measurement under Phase I. 2- to 4-stage LNA MMICs will be produced under Phase II to operate within 28-40 GHz (Ka-band) and 40-65 GHz for satellite communication networks. FCC frequency allocation is creating commercial demand for LNA MMICs to ensure supply for NASA. The HEMT technology, with >31% increase in conduction band discontinuity over the current state-of-the-art at 0.65 eV, could yield HEMT noise figures below 0.5 dB at 60 GHz and below 1.0 dB at 94 GHz. Also, device gains from increased 2-DEG sheet densities will contribute to lower multiple stage LNA MMIC noise figures. Reduction of the HEMT Al content from 100% in In0.52Al0.48As devices to 38% in Al(0.38)Ga(0.62)As(0.53)Sb(0.47) devices will increase resistance to thermal oxidation and degradation. The low voltage, compact LNA MMICs can increase network range, lower transmitter power and reduce mass for NASA space communication systems.

End applications include mobile digital, point-to-point, and satellite communications; wireless area networking (WAN); high resolution radar and tracking; telemetry; mm-wave sensing, astronomy and imaging; and RF identification. FCC bands at 47.6-47.8, 59-64, and 76-77 GHz and European/Japanese bands at 50-60, 63-64, and 94-95 GHz have recently been allocated for collision avoidance, intelligent transportation systems, and 5 Gb/s digital data links.

Robert Hickman II,
SVT Associates, Inc.,
7620 Executive Drive,
Eden Prairie, MN 55344

SVT Associates, Inc.,
7620 Executive Drive,
Eden Prairie, MN 55344

PROJECT TITLE : Linear Magnetron Based on Secondary Electron Emission From Cesiated Diamond

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A hybrid microwave tube exploiting the high secondary electron emission (SEE) properties of Electron Beam Activated-Alkali Terminated (EBAAT) Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) diamond will be developed. The device is best described as a linear crossed-field oscillator or "linear magnetron," combining characteristics of conventional magnetrons, klystrons, and crossed-field amplifiers (CFA). The device has the advantage of SEE up to 25 times greater than that of conventional magnetrons. By selective deposition of the emitting surface, the cathode will provide a focused electron beam significantly reducing noise. High SEE properties may reduce jitter compared to conventional magnetrons. The objective of Phase I is to demonstrate the feasibility of a linear crossed-field device using an EBAAT diamond cathode.

In Phase II a self-contained evacuated high power tube will be fabricated. Operation will be tested using an injected electron beam and in a cold field emission mode. Various cathode designs will be tested to determine focusing effects and an optimal prototype design. The lifetime of this device will be evaluated under typical vacuum tube pressures and operating conditions. The final product will be a highly efficient high output crossed-field oscillator with power requirements and noise levels desirable for space applications.

The self-contained linear crossed-field power tube has potential widespread use in communications (satellit-earth and satellite-satellite deep space communications, electronic countermeasures), radar (military detection systems, Doppler weather systems, automobile navigation and safety), consumer applicances (wireless technology, microwave clothes dryers), and any other applications where high power generation requiring small packaging is desired.

Dr. Hsiung Chen
General Vacuum, Inc.
P.O. Box 43659
Cleveland, OH 44143

General Vacuum, Inc.
P.O. Box 43659
Cleveland, OH 44143

PROJECT TITLE : : Anomaly Detection Technique for Beaconless Search and Rescue using Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The power of hyperspectral imaging is based on the fact that in addition to spatial imagery, it also provides the user spectral signature of each pixel in the image. This helps in detecting subpixel sized targets based on the additive contribution of their spectral signatures to that of the background, when they are too small to be resolved spatially. Conventional "subpixel unmixing" algorithms rely on the use of spectral reference libraries for signature unmixing. However, search and rescue (S&R) operations by their very nature are completely unpredictable in terms of the terrain they must survey, the characteristics of the target to be detected, or the temporal and spatial radiometric variability encountered; robust reference libraries do not exist for every situation.

This program will develop rapid pixel anomaly detection algorithms based on spatio-spectral considerations, and lay the basis for applying multi- and hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy techniques for beaconless S&R operations. The algorithms developed herein abandon the reliance on spectral reference libraries and instead focus on detecting pixel anomalies in the terrain relative to their neighborhood pixels. Hence, the actual terrain characteristics provide the needed reference spectra, making the technique invariant to location, type of target, or spatio-temporal variability. The procedure extracts from an image very few potential pixels that need to be considered for detailed analysis. Robust criteria are established to handle trade-offs related to detection sensitivity and false alarm rate.

As timely global coverage by high resolution multi- and hyper-spectral systems becomes available, this technique will add a powerful new tool in the hands of organizations involved in S&R operations.

The algorithmic paradigm is valuable to other multi- and hyper-spectral applications under current development at OKSI. These include early detection of crop infestation via remote sensing, as well as photodiagnosis of small malignant cells in surroundings of benign cells. NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL Dr. Nahum Gat, Opto-Knowledge Systems, Inc. (OKSI), 1737 Third Street, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-6308

Opto-Knowledge
Systems, Inc. (OKSI),
1737 Third Street,
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-6308

PROJECT TITLE : Multi-Spacecraft Position and Attitude Determination Using GPS Receivers and RF Transceivers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Emerging GPS Technology integrated with RF Transceivers will become the communications platform for autonomous Moving Objects of the future. This integrated hardware combined with innovative software, will improve accuracy of position and attitude determination for Satellites or other Moving Objects such as Air Planes, Trucks, Commercial Vehicles, Moving Targets etc. The development of the Position and Attitude Determination System (PADS) will be accomplished, initially, by providing hardware and software integration of a GPS receiver with an RF Transceiver, and a Communications Control module. PADS will accept data, up to 100kb/sec from sensor inputs and combine it with the GPS data. The resultant information, under control of the Communication Processor, using the RF Transceiver, will be transmitted to the other Moving Objects within the group. Each Moving Object will know its position and attitude, the position and attitude of other Moving Objects in the group and its relative position and attitude compared to the others. Each Moving Object will also receive sensor information from all the other Moving Objects which will be used, along with the position information, to derive more accurate (1 meter) positioning. This capability will be necessary for Multi-Spacecraft formation clusters of the future.

Position and Attitude Determination System (PADS) using GPS satellites can have commercial applications across the board to a large number of aerospace systems,( installation of PADS in a group of satellites to enable simultaneous cooperative operation of satellite constellations in orbit, or a group of airplanes approaching an airport could avoid collision) , military ( installation of PADS in tanks, ships, submarines and other military vehicles to avoid collision between them and automatic control of a set formation in a battlefield) and public safety (installation of PADS in police cars, ambulances and fire trucks to remain within a certain formation). Potential applications exist in manufacturing industries where relative positions of the manufactured pieces and the position of the loading vehicles are important (e.g. automotive assembly lines, electric power manufacturing and metal processing industries).

David B. Robison
1443 Via Marguerita
Oceanside, Ca. 92056

DBR Engineering
4061-B Oceanside Blvd.
Oceanside, Ca. 92056

PROJECT TITLE : Ultra-low power parallel fiber-optic links for spacecraft

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Fiber-optic links offer substantial advantages over conventional electronic links in terms of bandwidth, size,weight, electrical isolation, and EMI resistance. Optivision proposes to be develop low-power spacecraft data links based on parallel fiber-optic interconnects. Optivision will minimize power dissipation between the transmitter and receiver by using recntly developed low-threshold laser diode array technolgoy and innovative ultra-low power DC-coupled transmitter and receiver drive electronics. The use of DC-coupled parallel fiber-optic links substantially reduces power dissipation and hardweare complexity associated with MUXing/DeMUXing, encoding/decoking, and clock recovery. Specific technical objectives include: (1)Identification of NASAlink requirements and system-level trade-offs; (2) identification of optimum lasere diode and photodiode array technologies;(3)development of optimum transmitter and receiver electronic designs and processes; (4)developmetn of appropriate packaging technology and designs; (5) modeling and simulation of link designs; and (6) preliminayr Phase II designs. Such links would be of great utility to NASA by significantly reducing power and increasing bandwidth in subsystem inerconnects. The flexible link to be developed could support a number of high level protocols and work over a wide range of data rates, allowing its use in many different applications on various deep space and Earth-orbiting missions.

Commerical application include sbubsystem interconnects in commercial aircraft and spacecraft avionics systems, computer interconnects in high-performance LAN's, and interconnects of telecom switching equipment in central office environments.

Dr Rohit Sharma
Optivision Inc
3450 Hillview Ave
Palo Alto, CA 94304

Optivision Inc
3450 Hillview Ave
Palo Alto, CA 94304

PROJECT TITLE : Fast Dynamical Simulations of Power Electronic Circuits

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed SBIR Phase I project focuses on enhancing the speed with which dynamical simulations of power electronic circuits can be performed. Dynamical simulation of systems containing power electronic devices is a key means of both understanding their physical behavior and enabling manufacturers to develop such instrumentation quickly and at low cost. Power electronics simulations, however, poses uniquely intricate challenges to designers for many reasons. The present research focuses on innovative mathematical methods for enhancing simulation speeds without appreciable loss of numerical accuracy or stability. Closed-loop control circuits for two power electronic devices, a three-phase inverter and brushless DC motor, will be examined as moderately complex problems for exploring the mathematical methods of interest.

Power electronics circuits are becoming increasingly important because of the greater efficiency, lower cost, and superior control they offer over conventional power processing circuitry. Design of new equipment, however, is a slow and costly process, chiefly because of the tedious work and heavy usage of computer resources required for simulations. Power electronic circuits pose unique difficulties for simulation tests, chiefly because of their discontinuous and nonlinear dynamical behavior and the widely differing time constants they introduce into larger systems containing them. Progress in the proposed research would help reduce simulation run times without appreciable loss of numerical accuracy. This would reduce new-product development costs in the field and would benefit aerospace purchasers of such devices, e.g., for power systems for the Space Shuttle and satellites.

Edward C. Larson
Barron Associates, Inc.
3046A Berkmar Drive
Charlottesville, VA 22901-1444

Barron Associates, Inc.
3046A Berkmar Drive
Charlottesville, VA 22901-1444

PROJECT TITLE : Low Power Behavioral Synthesis for Control-Flow Intensive HDL Designs

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Low power has been recently elevated to one of the most critical issues in VLSI circuit design, affecting packaging, cooling, and reliability characteristics. Although power optimization at behavior level was shown to have an order of magnitude higher impact than at logic or transistor level, no commercial tools presently exist for power optimization at high levels of design abstraction. ASC and Princeton University (Princeton) propose to develop a behavioral synthesis and power optimization tool for control-intensive HDL designs. The Phase I effort will integrate state-of-the-art methods of behavioral synthesis of control circuits with Princeton's unique power optimization technology through (1) implementation of synthesis and power optimization algorithms for control circuits, (2) evaluation of behavioral transformations for effective power reduction, (3) development of an approach to fast RT-level power and true delay estimation, and (4) implementation and evaluation of a prototype tool. The proposed R&D effort will leverage off ASC and Princeton's technology for power optimization in data-intensive designs being developed under an SBIR contract from the Air Force. In Phase II, the proposed new tool will be perfected and integrated with popular commercial design flows.

The ultimate commercial application of this effort will be a software product to be used for high-level design of integrated circuits where power is a critical specification. The tool will enable radical power reduction in control-intensive designs. Its impact on space electronics will be dramatic and will enable lighter payloads.

Serguei Sokolov
Alternative System Concepts, Inc.
22 Haverhill Road, P.O. Box 128
Windham, NH 03087

Alternative System Concepts, Inc.
22 Haverhill Road, P.O. Box 128
Windham, NH 03087

PROJECT TITLE : Single Event Latchup Protection of Integrated Circuits

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Many of today's commercial integrated circuit (IC) devices and Multi-Chip Modules (MCMs) cannot be utilized in deep space and earth orbiting applications because of radiation induced Single Event Latchup (SEL). The commercial IC devices are developed and manufactured for the computer and mass market applications and cannot withstand the effects of radiation induced Single Event Latchup from the natural space environment caused by solar flares in galactic cosmic radiation.

Common methods of preventing SEL degraded performance is to design special radiation tolerant integrated circuits or implement power supply current monitoring followed by power supply removal with complex external electronic circuitry. Both of these solutions have performance and economic disadvantages. The innovation proposed will provide improved SEL performance of an integrated circuit device through the addition of circuitry integrated within the device package. The circuitry and the protected device can be incorporated within the same physical dimensions and electrical configuration as the original unprotected integrated circuit device. The circuitry provides automatic protection through the SEL event with minimum impact on the system. In addition, an event signal can be added through the addition (or re-assignment) of one device output pin to indicate to the system that automatic latchup protection is underway or has occurred.

Benefits include the improved SEL performance of commercial ICs, allowing their use in space applications. Many ICs can be manufactured with commercial technologies and then modified with MCM assembly to incorporate SEL protection within the original package footprint. The ability to use commercial IC technology would benefit: military programs such as GPS, MILSTAR, and BP, as well as commercial adventures such as IRIDIUM and GLOBALSTAR which represent a $200M annual market.

Space Electronics, Inc.
4031 Sorrento Valley Boulevard
San Diego, CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : Thin Buried Oxide Densification for Low Power SIMOX SOI Substrate Applications

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology achieves total dielectric isolation of active device regions from the substrate and reduces the collection path for ionized charges via the built-in buried oxide that restricts charge movement. Advances in SIMOX SOI technology include ULSI DRAMs for low voltage operation, thin film low power circuitry, radiation hardened memories, extreme temperature (400 C) circuitry, and gate arrays for satellite and space applications. A thin (~100nm) buried oxide (BOX) SIMOX product is under development in order to significantly reduce the cost of the substrates for commercial and military applications. However, the thin BOX SIMOX is presently too leaky for use. This Phase I proposal examines the feasibility of an innovative ramp rate process during the SIMOX substrate fabrication which preliminary in-house studies indicate densification of the thin buried oxide in the SOI substrates. In addition, an application of a recent high temperature anneal process published by the Japanese, in combination with the singular ramp rate, should further densify the thin buried oxide and reduce leakage from the surface to the bulk of the SOI substrate. Material quality will be assessed for production substates and for low power / low voltage circuitry in the Phase II effort. Realization and commercialization of the thin buried oxide SIMOX SOI is the ultimate goal of the program and a focus of the worldwide CMOS SOI industry.

The nation may expect to benefit from the development of a low cost, low power/low voltage thin BOX SIMOX substrate process. Wide scale production with a United States manufacturing base is predicted. Worldwide market share increase is anticipated with this SOI substrate development.

Dr. L.P. Allen,
Ibis Technology Corporation,
32A Cherry Hill Drive
Danvers, MA 01923

Ibis Technology Corporation,
32A Cherry Hill Drive
Danvers, MA 01923

PROJECT TITLE : PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMER-BASED HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE TECHNOLOGY

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Photorefractive materials promise to enable dynamic holography and erasable high density data storage for future information technologies. This program will develop and demonstrate a holographic data storage technology using novel photorefractive polymers with electrooptic (EO) coefficients and bandwidths that are significantly superior than LiNbO3. A important advantage of these polymers is that large refractive index odulations can be reversibly generated in them with low power laser beams. Polymer composites based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) have recently show excellent PR performance. However, the composites in their natural form lack long-time storage capabilities due to their low glass transition temperatures. This program innovatively overcomes this limitation by engineering highly cross-linked, permanently poled PR polymers. Such a breakthrough will enable relatively low cost, long life holographic data storage technology. The program's technical approach is to orient acrylated EO chromophores in the liquid phase at room temperature with an electric field and to cross-link the material with electron radiation in a vacuum environment. The proposed method promises to be superior to previous approaches to permanently poled PR polymers and will enable the fabrication of materials with low weight, excellent mechanical properties, strong polar orientation and superior thermal aging characteristics. During Phase I, we will establish proof-of-concept of the holographic data technology in the photorefractive polymers; during Phase II material and product performance will be optimized and extensively tested.

The technology to be developed and commercialized during this program is expected to play a key role in a variety of optical information processing applications; e.g. dynamic holography, erasable high density data storage, parallel signal/image processing, phase conjugation, pattern recognition, optical interconnects and others.

Dr. Scott R. Lyon,
Sigma Labs Inc.,
10960 N. Stallard Place,
Tucson, AZ 85737

Sigma Labs Inc.,
10960 N. Stallard Place,
Tucson, AZ 85737

PROJECT TITLE : Stacking of Very Thin Semiconductor Circuits for 3D Multi-chip Modules

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

New direct bonding techniques will be used to stack very thin (<25 mm) semiconductor circuits (silicon or GaAs) to obtain 3D multichip stacks of ultimate density and performance. Due to the extreme thinness of the layers, vertical electrical interconnections (vias) can be formed without limitation. The proposed 3D integration technique will offer the following advantages: low weight and volume, low power, high interconnection density, improved reliability and radiation hardness, and faster speed and compatibility with various device and packaging technologies. We will deliver in Phase I, a sample that demonstrates the combined technology of existing thinning, bonding and interconnecting techniques and a second sample that demonstrates a new, batch stacking and interconnecting technology. Successful conclusion of Phase I will result in technologies that can be employed to fabricate an application-specific prototype device defined by NASA/JPL with the above mentioned advantages in Phase II.

Very thin layer stacking technology will be crucial to all NASA applications, e.g., advanced flight computer (AFC) or solid-state recorder, where minimization of weight, volume, and power are essential to the success of the missions such as micro spacecraft for deep space explorations. POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION include mass-memory for synthetic aperture radar, database machines, digital library, and real-time image processors for computer graphics.

Michael S. Jin
New Interconnection and Packaging Technologies Inc.
9823-Q Pacific Heights Blvd.
San Diego CA 92121

New Interconnection and Packaging Technologies Inc.
9823-Q Pacific Heights Blvd.
San Diego CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : Bendable Integrated Circuits for Conformal Multi-Modular Packaging

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A novel packaging technique to allow integrated circuits to conform to the external shapes is proposed. Circuits are thinned to a level where silicon can be bend without breaking and bonded to a flexible backing material. Any circuit with various technology origin and complexity can be joined on the same backing substrate. Off-the-shelf components can be used without any design modification, lowering the cost and enhancing the manufacturability. The resulting package will have enhanced high frequency characteristics due to removal of the substrate parasitics. This novel packaging approach will allow to place complex circuitry on the walls of small enclosures such as microspacecrafts and microprobes.

Flexible circuits can be used where space is premium and odd shapes needs to be maintained. Roll-up displays, wrist- worn electronic products, shape conforming sensors, flexible smart cards are among many products that can benefit directly. Furthermore, the thinning allows the removal of mass, thus enhancing radiation tolerance, ruggedness under extreme acceleration and increases high frequency performance especially for ultra light weight portable personal communication devices.

Volkan Ozguz
IRVINE SENSORS CORPORATION
3001 REDHILL AVENUE
BUILDING #3
COSTA MESA, CA 92626

IRVINE SENSORS CORPORATION
3001 REDHILL AVENUE
BUILDING #3
COSTA MESA, CA 92626

PROJECT TITLE : A new high spectral purity optoelectronic microwave oscillator

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Phase I project addresses the need for a high performance microwave onboard oscillator for space applications. Traditionally, microwave oscillation signal is obtained by frequency-multiplying a low frequency source such as the quartz oscillator. Such scheme results in cumbersome equipment of poor spectral purity and provide signal only in electrical domain. Generating microwave signal in optical domain by beating two lasers with similar wavelength also suffers from wide spectral width and poor stability. Fermionics proposes a new oscillator where the energy storage element is a long length of low loss, low dispersion single mode fiber. Because of the ideal property of the fiber as a delay element, very high spectral purity and low phase noise performance is predicted. The objective is to show the feasibility of >40 GHz oscillation in a ring. The key efforts will be to develop a wide bandwidth high responsivity photodetector based on the traveling wave principle and the combining of this detector with high speed intensity modulator and wide band semiconductor optical amplifier.Such oscillators with high spectral purity and stability will provide the universally needed reference clock signal for communication systems in space applications.

The new oscillator will find use in future high performance photonic links and expands their functions to include voltage controlled oscillations, optical phase locked loops ,etc. The key components developed under this project will find use in present day photonic systems at high frequencies where the performance of currently available components is limited.

Yet-zen Liu
Fermionics
4555 Runway street
Simi Valley, CA 93063

Fermionics
4555 Runway street
Simi Valley, CA 93063

PROJECT TITLE : Reliable, Rugged and Stabilized Fiber-Coupled Lasers

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

NASA has a need for highly-stable, single-frequency lasers which can tolerate the launch environment and which have the reliability required for multi-year operation in space. These lasers would in many cases be stabilized in frequency to a high degree, and then used as a precision distance standard. We propose to design and build a fiber-coupled laser which would meet NASA's needs. This laser would be based on the Non-Planar Ring Oscillator (NPRO) design which Lightwave Electronics has commercialized. We propose 3 design innovations. First, we would include a redundant laser diode pump. Second, we would use welding of components with critical alignment tolerances. Third, we would integrate the components needed for precision frequency stabilization into the laser itself. These innovations would result in a laser which has the ruggedness, reliability, small size and weight, and stability needed for space qualification in extremely demanding missions.

Applications which require a more reliable and rugged laser at our current level of stability include RF-modulated optical links for radars on the ground and within aircraft, submarine fiber-optic interferometric acoustic sensors, acoustic sensors for intruder alert, optical distribution of microwave signals for phased-array antennas, free-space optical communications, and coherent laser radar from aircraft.

Applications which require an ultra-stabilized single frequency laser include atomic clocks for science, and precision interferometers which will be used by the semiconductor manufacturing industry for new generations of microlithography tools.

Thomas J. Kane
Lightwave Electronics Corporation
1161 San Antonio Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043

Lightwave Electronics Corporation
1161 San Antonio Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043

PROJECT TITLE : Ultra-Stable Diode-Pumped Laser for Precision Metrology

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose a new resonator configuration for single-frequency, diode-pumped, solid state lasers to produce sources suitable for precision laser metrology. The technique is generally applicable to birefringent solid state laser gain media, including many materials in common use. The primary objective of the program is to perform a proof-of-principle implementation of the active-filter resonator in a 1.047-micron Nd:YLF source. In addition, passive stabilization means will be developed in order to meet NASA requirements for long-term stability. The proposed configuration has advantages compared to monolithic structures because of superior tolerance to fluctuations in pump power and ambient conditions, and may be operable without the need for external reference sources. The Phase I program is expected to yield a preliminary design for an integrated source. With the extension of the technique to other transitions in Nd:YLF (e.g., 1.3 micron for fiber-based sensors), as well as to other gain media, it is hoped that the proposed program will lead to a family of ultra-stable sources for a variety of metrological applications.

Commercial applications include coherent systems for precision metrology, precision interferometry, holography, and remote sensing. Monitoring of wind fields is a particularly important example of coherent remote sensing. The proposed source would also be used as a master oscillator for injection seeding in LIDAR systems and general scientific applications.

Mr. John H. Flint
Schwartz Electro-Optics Inc.
45 Winthrop St., Concord, MA 01742

Schwartz Electro-Optics Inc.
45 Winthrop St., Concord, MA 01742

PROJECT TITLE : 20,000 frame per second delta-doped electron-bombarded CCD Wavefront Sensor

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

PixelVision, Inc. as team leader proposes to design, manufacture, test, and optimize a high speed, low noise, electron bombarded CCD (EBCCD) adaptive optics wavefront that will result in a new class of high frame rate, low light level imagers that can be optimized to operate either: 1) the ultra-violet (0.2 to 0.5 mm), 2) the visible (0.4 to 0.95 mm) spectral region; or 2) the NIR (0.95 to 1.8 mm wavelength) spectral regions. The innovation uses a high frame, low noise back-illuminated CCD that when integrated with a photocathode and operated in the electron bombarded mode allows high frame rate photon counting. By providing nearly noiseless gain, without a microchannel plate, the wavefront sensing EBCCD does not suffer from the drawbacks of other image tube and intensified imaging approaches. An ideal sensor for wavefront and adaptive optics low light level imaging applications does not presently exist. Cooling requirements, large pixel size, poor signal to noise, phosphor persistence, poor resolution, blooming and difficult manufacture all plague the currently competing technologies. A high speed imager with high signal to noise performance is required. PixelVision, Inc. a leader in high performance CCD design and manufacture proposes development of a hybrid imager that will have the following characteristics: 1) Greater than 35 percent quantum efficiency at 0.7 mm in a GaAs photocathode EBCCD, 2) Greater than 15 percent quantum efficiency between 1.2 and 1.7 mm in a transfer electron InP:InGaAs photocathode , 3) greater than 15 percent quantum at 0.25 mm efficiency in a bi-alkali photocathode coupled in a vacuum tube with a thinned and back-illuminated CCD; 3) Nearly ideal noiseless EBS gain that will allow photon counting noise performance at high frame rates; and 4) 128 x 128 element resolution, and 5) Greater than 20,000 frame per second operation. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) delta-doping, a process developed at JPL, will be used to provide a stable back surface treatment that is capable of providing a back-illuminated CCD with high EBS gain.

The development of the proposed sensor will expand markets requiring affordable high frame rate sensors in the UV, visible and NIR spectral regions. NIR lasers applications and the emerging UV lasers require high resolution, high frame rate image sensors. Opportunities for the Visible/NIR sensor include: motion analysis, eye-safe LIDAR, adaptive optics, underwater imaging, range gated imaging in adverse weather conditions, surveillance, space based wavefront imaging, neural imaging, and industrial inspection and robotics.

Typed Name James R. Janesick
Title Chief Scientific Officer
FIRM NAME PixelVision, Inc
MAIL ADDRESS 15250 NW Greenbrier Parkway
CITY/STATE/ZIP Beaverton, OR 97006

Typed Name George M. Williams
Title General Manager
FIRM NAME PixelVision, Inc
MAIL ADDRESS 15250 NW Greenbrier Parkway
CITY/STATE/ZIP Beaverton, OR 97006

PROJECT TITLE : A LIQUID CRYSTAL BEAM STEERER FOR PRECISION INTERFEROMETRIC GAUGES

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose to build a liquid crystal beam steerer (LCBS) which will put the alignment of interfering beams in precision metrology gauges under direct electronic control. The device will be non-mechanical and hysteresis free, it will require low power and voltage, and it will be low cost and easily incorporated into the current design of the SIM interferometric gauge. The device can be made polarization insensitive to allow it to operate on beams of arbitrary polarization. An LCBS can be used to actively remove pointing errors of a laser which travels between two objects whose relative distance is to be measured. It can also be used to correct tilt errors and other wavefront distortions that are relative to the interfering beams. These corrections can be applied remotely.

Laser beam steerers have applications in secure communications, holographic optical storage and readout, and remote sensing. They are used to a large extent in the consumer market for barcode scanning. Solutions to the primary technical challenges in this proposal make possible a low cost Òelectronic lensÓ which will make adaptive optics accessable to a wider market. Examples incude optical wafer inspection and retinal imaging.

Dr. Michael H. Anderson,
Meadowlark Optics, Inc.,
7460 Weld Co. Rd.1, Longmont
CO, 80504-9470

Meadowlark Optics, Inc.,
7460 Weld Co. Rd.1, Longmont CO, 80504-9470

PROJECT TITLE : A Wavefront Sensor Camera Utilizing the EEV CCD39

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In order to meet NASA's need for high frame rate/ultra low noise CCD cameras, we intend to develop a prototype high speed, low noise CCD camera/controller specifically optimized for the EEV CCD39. This commercially available CCD imaging array was specifically designed for adaptive optics applications. It is significantly different from its counterpart, the MIT Lincoln Labs 64x64 imaging array, and promises lower readout noise for the same read out rate and potentially lower dark current because of its substrate biasing paradigm. Our prototype will incorporate an innovative filtering, clocking and biasing scheme that will significantly reduce the readout noise below that normally expected for a traditional clamp and sample read-out cycle. It also will lower the dark current by up to two orders of magnitude to a point where cooling the chip below ambient or even somewhat elevated temperatures would be unnecessary for many adaptive optics applications. In many applications this would eliminate the need for cryogenic chambers and cooling systems thus simplifying and reducing the size, weight and cost of the camera.

There is a large market for small, versatile, low cost wavefront sensor cameras in astronomy, communications and defense. Especially problematic is the need for a large, heavy and costly cryogenic dewar; thermoelectric cooling of the CCD; the need for large, heavy and costly power supplies for the CCD and the lack of a commercially available CCD. The EEV CCD39 promises to offer the possibility to eliminate the use of a cryogenic dewar, reduce the power requirements, size and weight of the camera head, is inexpensive and is commercially available.

Charles A. Bleau
SciMeasure Analytical Systems, Inc.
1244 Clairmont Road, Suite 108
Decatur, GA 30030

SciMeasure Analytical Systems, Inc.
1244 Clairmont Road, Suite 108
Decatur, GA 30030

PROJECT TITLE : High Actuator Density Deformable Mirrors

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This project will provide a new generation of high actuator count deformable mirrors for use in low amplitude, high spatial frequency correction of optical wavefronts. This will allow full utilization of the inherent performance of such instruments as large aperture, long baseline interferometers, by allowing correction of static and dynamic common path errors within the optical system.

The Phase I effort will provide analyses and design evaluation of several approaches to providing a deformable mirror containing up to 150 x 150 discrete actuator channels, located at 1 mm spacing, for use in fine spatial scale, moderate temporal bandwidth correction of the wavefront of a precision optical system. The expected result will be analytic and design demonstration of feasibility of one or more approaches to this compact "kiloactuator" deformable mirror based on a modular array of Xinetics' electrostrictive Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN) actuators. The results of the Phase I program will be the analyses, design data and performance predictions, and design and fabrication plans for "pathfinder" demonstration modules to be developed and tested during Phase II, and for an engineering model deformable mirror, also expected to be fabricated during Phase II.

Fundus CameraAstronomical Adaptive-Optics Systems Optical Imaging Improvement for VLSI IC Fabrication

Dr. Thomas Price
Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road #A6
Littleton, MA 01460

Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road
Littleton, MA 01460

PROJECT TITLE : Optical Encoder for Adaptive Optics Mirror Segments

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

With the advent of silicon processing technology, NASA has identified numerous systems which utilize segmented mirror telescopes. These segmented mirrors are used to tile large primary and secondary mirror elements at a fraction of the cost of monolithic structures. Although the technology lends itself to large scale applications, the calibration and wavefront correction of system aberrations remains a difficult hurdle for the systems designer. Some examples are the Space Laser Energy (SELENE) program, Phased Array Mirror Extendible Large Aperture (PAMELA), and the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). However, small edge sensors are required to accurately sense the position of each segment so that the long-throw actuators are encoded properly.

In this Phase I effort, an optical encoding method will be implemented for sensing the displacements of segmented mirrors. The proposed design will utilize specially designed diffractive optical elements for an absolute optical encoding strategy. Additionally, the system will be evaluated in an existing edge sensor apparatus. These results will demonstrate the approach and verify the concept of using optical methods of sensing adaptive optics mirror segments.

Through introducing optical encoders into the commercial marketplace this will increase economies of scale, which will reduce the future cost of these elements for NASA. Furthermore, once the paradigm of a cost-effective highly precise encoder is created the marketplace will act as a driver to introduce additional incremental advances which will improve the performance of these elements. These incremental advances should also help NASA's efforts to continually improve its adaptive optical systems.

Dr. Eric G. Johnson
Digital Optics Corporation
5900 Northwoods Parkway, Suite J
Charlotte, NC 28269

Digital Optics Corporation
5900 Northwoods Parkway, Suite J
Charlotte, NC 28269

PROJECT TITLE : High-Precision, Robust and Intelligent Pointing Control of Flexible Structures

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In this SBIR Phase I proposal, an integrated robust and intelligent control approach will be proposed to achieve simultaneously rapid and high-precision pointing control and vibration suppression of flexible structures. The innovative control approach will employ smart piezoelectric sensors and actuators as well as nonlinear, robust and intelligent control techniques. It consists of three-level control reinforcement configuration to provide nonlinear decoupling and compensation, robust active vibration and high-precision pointing control, and adaptability to parameter uncertainties and disturbances. The research and development will be carried out based on a nonlinear flexible pointing testbed with smart piezoelectric sensors and actuators and adjustable nonlinear mechanisms in our laboratory. Specifically, the innovative control algorithms and techniques to be developed will be demonstrated and verified through the real-time control of the testbed. A real-time control software environment will be developed. The emphasis of this project is on the development of an application-oriented high-precision pointing and active vibration control technique and real-time implementation for flexible opto-mechanical systems.

This Phase I project will lead to an integrated robust intelligent control technique to achieve simultaneously rapid and high-precision pointing control and vibration suppression of flexible structures, and the associated design software toolbox. The technique and software toolkit can be used to the high-precision pointing and active vibration control of civil/military flexible structural systems, such as opto-mechanical systems, airspace structures, positioning machines, robotics, etc.

Dr. Ching-Fang Lin
American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311

American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311

PROJECT TITLE : A New Material for Ultra-quiet Precision Structures

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal is based on patent 5,526,324 which issued June 11, 1996. That patent details a new type of material which is comprised of piezoelectric particles intermixed into a matrix material also containing conducting fibers. Vibrational energy causes charges to be induced on the piezoelectric particles, but that charge is immediately shorted out by the conducting fibers, thereby dissipating the vibrational energy. The technique can be applied to a wide range of matrix material types, allowing us to optimize the material for other properties such as structural strength, light weight, cost, or thermal properties while still achieving better vibration damping than is available from other passive materials. By the end of the Phase 1 effort we will have fabricated and tested samples.

Beyond NASA applications, our approach will be usable for vibration damping for delicate equipment such as high precision machine tools, lithography machines, and scanning probe microscopes. It should also have superior sound reduction characteristics for a wide range of applications including car and aircraft quieting, and sound absorption around buildings and around noisy machinery.

Dr. Leonard S. Haynes
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
2 Research Place, Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

Intelligent Automation, Inc.
2 Research Place, Suite 202
Rockville, MD 20850

PROJECT TITLE : High-Performance Sputtered Shape Memory Alloy Thin-Film Actuators in Hybrid Multi-Layers for Adaptive Space Structures and Devices

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed STTR program would significantly extend the range of performance of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators for spacecraft structural control and dual-use applications. F&S, Virginia Tech and Litton would work cooperatively to consider methods to fabricate and apply hybrid actuator devices based on sputtered SMA thin-films. Due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, SMA thin-films have increased frequency response over wire and plate geometries; in this program, integrated diamond thermal management coatings will further improve frequency response.

Direct SMA sputtering onto Kapton" or other flexible structural materials would permit the passive or active control of space-based antennas and other structures, and the integration of sputtered thin-film SMAs with shaped PVDF actuators will permit extended capabilities for structural control. Virginia Tech would assist F&S with critical SMA thin-film modeling, sputtering and processing tasks. Litton would assist F&S in transitioning prototype device fabrication to production. F&S envisions use of hybrid SMA thin-film actuator products as embedded elements in adaptive structural components, low-shock latches and thermally-controlled clamps and devices, and consumer products. Non-Federal product commercialization funding is pledged for both Phase I and Phase II programs.

The proposed SMA thin-films and hybrid actuators have applications 1) as integrated elements in adaptive structures, 2) in devices including low-shock latches and thermally-activated clamps and switches for advanced spacecraft systems, and ) in toys, apparel and other consumer products.

F&S, Inc. (Fiber & Sensor Technologies, Inc.)
P.O. Box 11704
Blacksburg, VA 24062-1704

PROJECT TITLE : Solid State Piezoelectric Flexure Mechanism for Vibration Attenuation/Isolation

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The proposed effort focuses on the need for innovative, space realizable, self-contained solid state flexure mechanism for vibration attenuation/isolation. The proposed mechanism is a sealed linear actuator capable of high bandwidth (0-1 kHz) control. A design feasibility study will be performed on the use of piezoelectrics in an innovative flexure mechanism to provide robust vibration attenuation/isolation. The specific design concept involves use of a flexure mechanism that removes the piezoelectric element from the load path and provides increased bandwidth and displacement. All supporting electronics including sensor signal processing, microprocessor, and power management are to be included within the device. Advantages of this particular design include an ability to: dimensionally customize the device for a specific design need, tune active/passive vibration characteristics, operate self-contained, and choose between independent sensing and actuation or the use of a self-sensing technique for control. The result of achieving the design objectives will be a device that requires low maintenance and can be implemented with minimal effort in almost any positioning and/or vibration isolation application.

The commercial viability of the vibration attenuator/isolator stems from its ability to be applied in a variety of uses. Its size and shape can be tailored from a miniature device to a high force mechanism. The proposed self-contained vibration isolator has utility in hostile environments such as marine, space, or manufacturing areas. The proposed attenuator/isolator has potential to replace voice coil actuators in applications that require a non-magnetic, efficient actuators. Potential commercial products include active vibration isolation mounts, impact dampers, active members for vibration suppression, or as use as a reaction mass actuator. United Technology Corporation has shown interest in the proposed innovation for commercial application to helicopters, elevators, turbomachinery, propeller systems, HVAC systems, and automotive subsystems as demonstrated by the letter of participation included in this proposal.

David V. Newton, Ph.D.
Garman Systems, Inc.
2401 21st Ave. South, Suite 102
Nashville, TN 37212

Garman Systems, Inc.
2401 21st Ave. South, Suite 102
Nashville, TN 37212

PROJECT TITLE : : MODAL ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR BROADBAND DYNAMICS OF LARGE, COMPLEX SYSTEMS

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Modal Energy Analysis (MEA) has been proposed as a single integrated engineering design method for simulating both low and high frequency dynamics of large, complex systems. This capability is needed by NASA to characterize the nano-meter level structural dynamic distortions of "Ultra-Quiet" precision structures and optical systems planned for new interferometry missions, especially because the vibration excitation mechanisms are broadband. The Phase I project seeks to experimentally validate the MEA theory proposed by Vibro-Acoustic Sciences, but only for a very simple laboratory scale test structure. Successful validation at this level will be an important gateway, prior to entering into a full MEA theory and software development which will meet NASA precision structures requirements, as well as many other NASA projects, including Space Station microgravity applications.

A follow-on Phase II project could successfully develop computer-aided engineering (CAE) software product which makes MEA methods available for a wide range of applications - both within NASA and in commercial industry. Vibro-Acoustic Sciences already successfully sells and support a high frequency, Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) software product worldwide and would be in a good position to commercially exploit new MEA software and related services which addresses the much-needed broadband / Mid-Frequency vibro-acoustic design applications

Paul G. Bremner
Vibro-Acoustic Sciences Inc.
5355 Mira Sorrento Place, Suite 100
San Diego, CA 92121

Paul G. Bremner
Vibro-Acoustic Sciences Inc.
308 North Carson Street, Suite 214
Carson City, NV 89701

PROJECT TITLE : Nanometer Accuracy Measurement System

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Effective deployment of optical instruments requires that the positional accuracy of the deployment be measured with nanometer resolution. Existing measurement systems are expensive and are limited in their accuracy, range and standoff. The Nanometer Accuracy Measurement System (NAMS) is an innovative combination of off-the-shelf hardware and efficient mathematics that will result in a measurement system capable of determining one nanometer positional changes from a distance of over a meter.

A video camera is used in conjunction with a long range microscope to provide digitized samples of a spatially tailored target image. Image post processing accurately determines the motion of the target to less than one 1/1000th of a camera pixel. In a prototype system, this technique has been shown to provide 10 nanometer positional resolution in two degrees of freedom from a 1.2 meter standoff.

Research into the optical configuration and post-processing techniques will increase both the resolution and sample rate of the measurement. Investigation of the target tailoring will enable the system to be self-calibrating and simultaneously measure multiple targets. The resulting measurement system will be able to quantify the effectiveness of various deployment techniques both in ground testing and on orbit.

A high resolution, high standoff measurement device is ideal for many applications in which it is critical that the measurement system does not interfere with the object being measured. Alignment of optical components for all applications ranging from telescope lenses to fiber optic cables require submicron or nanometer positional knowledge. Manufacture of precision electronics and mechanisms routinely require fabrication and assembly tolerances at the submicron level. All of these fields represent market potential for a low cost, zero-intrusion, nanometer accuracy positional measurement device.

Dr. Javier de Luis
Payload Systems Inc.
247 Third St.
Cambridge, MA 02141

Payload Systems Inc.
247 Third St.
Cambridge, MA 02141

PROJECT TITLE : Large Low Temperature Silicon Carbide Mirrors

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This program will provide Silicon Carbide mirrors for use in the infrared larger, stiffer, and with better optical and thermal properties than devices used previously. These will provide the needed optical material for the Next Generation Space Telescope providing significant technical advantage over current material and fabrication techniques. The CeraformTM Silicon Carbide technology owned by Xinetics is a reaction bonded silicon carbide with a unique closed-back structure giving a mirror better than 70% lightweighted but just as stiff as solid Beryllium.

Phase I will provide low temperature response data based on of a representative-scale demonstration article, a set of designs, performance predictions and manufacturing plans for the large mirror panels. Phase II will fabricate a (nominal) 0.5 to 1 meter scale demonstration article, designed to have wall and facesheet thickness commensurate with the NGST mirror panels. Critical performance requirements of low temperature thermal response and structural response to launch loads and low level dynamic environment will be among the properties of the test article to be demonstrated. Other issues are the facility cost, environmental impact of the fabrication process, and the risk of evelopment of all manufacturing processes, including demonstration of high quality optical surfaces without print-through.

¥ Mirrors for other low temperature applications (SIRTF) ¥ Lightweight stiff mirror applications, including high speed tip-tilt mirrors used in stressing thermal environment

John Wellman
Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road #A6
Littleton, MA 01460

Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road #A6
Littleton, MA 01460

PROJECT TITLE : Ultra-Lightweight Continuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic (CFRC) Silicon Carbide Mirror Substrates for Large Aperture, Space-Based Telescope Systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

New technologies are required for fabrication of ultralightweight mirror substrates for application to the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) and other large aperture telescope systems. The NGST 8 m deployable primary mirror needs to be produced with an areal density of ó15 kg/m2 while providing visible quality performance. One suggested approach is to utilize thin membranes of silicon carbide (SiC) as an actively controlled mirror substrate. These membranes would be optically finished using ion beam figuring or optical replication. The significant gravity release associated with these thin mirror substrates will be managed by application of metrology mounts and with active mirror control on orbit. We propose the application of an innovative Continuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic (CFRC) SiC mirror substrate as an ultra-lightweight, composite mirror substrate for application to the NGST problem. The excellent bulk material properties of the CFRC SiC material and the ultralightweight fabrication geometries possible will allow the fabrication of large, lightweight optical substrates which can meet the NGST weight requirements while eliminating the gravity release issues associated with the thin membrane mirror approach; e.g., a 2 mm thick, 1 m diam. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) SiC substrate will have a gravity release term of >550 waves p-v (@ visible), whereas the ultralightweight CFRC SiC mirror substrate proposed here will have a gravity release term of 2 waves p-v while maintaining a weight comparable to the 2 mm membrane mirror. Alternatively the CFRC SiC mirror substrate can be fabricated to have a gravity release term equal to the membrane mirror while weighing >5X less than the thin SiC membrane. The innovative composite mirror substrate proposed here will greatly simplify the current NGST deployable mirror configuration thereby significantly impacting the cost and complexity of the NGST system. During Phase I the viability of the proposed CFRC SiC mirror substrate will be demonstrated by fabricating and cryogenically testing an an ultra-lightweight 0.25 m diam. SiC mirror substrate. The proof-of-concept piece will be fabricated to meet the performance and weight requirements of the NGST mission while using low-cost processes which are scalable to the aperture sizes required for the NGST mission.

Applications for the proposed mirror substrate include several space-based optical systems. NASA, DoD and commercial remote sensing missions are all being driven to utilize significantly lighter and cheaper optical systems. The approach proposed here will provide >100X weight savings vs. conventional space-based mirror substrates, and have a strong impact on production and launch costs associated with next-generation space-based remote sensing missions.

SSG, Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02154

PROJECT TITLE : Ultralightweight, Thermomechanically Stable Pyrolytic Graphite Composite Mirrors

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

In previous work for NASA, Ultramet has demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating high optical quality ceramic mirror surfaces in combination with a lightweight structural ceramic foam reinforcement. Mirror structures 4", 6", and 10" in diameter, consisting of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) silicon carbide faceplates combined with an open-cell silicon carbide structural foam (>92% porous, 200 kg/m3 density), have been shown to withstand thermal cycling from -200 to +120øC without deviating from a surface slope error of <1 mrad over a 72" radius of curvature and a surface roughness of <10 ? rms (4 kg/m2 areal density). The technology is currently being scaled up to 18" diameter mirrors. In this Phase I project, Ultramet proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of a highly innovative material and process variation in which a near-net surface figure pyrolytic graphite (PG) mirror surface will be deposited onto a polished, removable mandrel by CVD. The mirror surface reinforcement material, pyrolytic graphite foam, will be CVD-welded to the back of the faceplate prior to removal of the faceplate from the mandrel. The ability to eliminate all but the final stages of polishing will allow for the fabrication of high optical quality structures having significantly lower areal density, at lower processing costs. Thermal distortion and density can be minimized through the use of PG, which has an approximate density and thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of 2.0 g/cm3 and 1.0 ppm/K respectively.

The successful completion of this project will result in a significant advance in the technology of ultralightweight, scalable mirror structures. POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL APPLICATION include space optical devices such as telescopes and fast-response laser pointing mirrors, particularly instrumentation for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), as well as structural and power system components (solar concentrators) for the Space Station.

Brian E. Williams
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331

PROJECT TITLE : Lightweighting and Shaping of NGST Optics with Abrasive-Waterjets

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This proposal addresses a new technique to fabricate ultra-lightweight glass mirrors. High-velocity abrasive-waterjets (AWJ) will be used to mill pockets in glass blanks for lightweighting and grind curved convex and concave aspheric shapes. Both ZERODURE and ULE glass will be used in this study. The AWJ milling process will consist of cutting a steel mask with the desired lightweighting pattern. The mask will be placed on the surface of the glass workpiece. The AWJ will be traversed at controlled traverse rates to mill the exposed (unmasked) areas of the workpiece to precise depths. Our research will focus on obtaining high-quality parts with acceptable surface and subsurface qualities. Parametric studies will be conducted to control milled surface wall taper, depth uniformity, and surface finish, and define the process parameters for milling several demonstration parts. These parts will be inspected at Eastman Kodak (who will also provide glass samples). AWJ grinding of curved surfaces will be performed, in which no mask is needed and the AWJ traverse velocity profile will be varied to control the material removal rates at ifferent locations on the workpiece. Sample parts will be machined and inspected. An economic analysis will be performed and compared to other methods.

This project will result in the development of a new technique for fabricating lightweight mirrors. Economical and technical benefits will be gained over existing methods. The proposed technique will have several potential applications not only in the area of optical component fabrication but also in the ceramics machining industry. Applications in industries such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, and aircraft will emerge, especially when difficult-to-machine materials are needed.

Dr. Mohamed Hashish
Waterjet Technology, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

Waterjet Technology, Inc.
21414 - 68th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032

PROJECT TITLE : Optical Engineering and Cost Modelling Software

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Optical Research Associates (ORA) intends is develop Design-to-Cost Algorithms which can be utilized to automatically, at the very start of the design process, configure design forms and constructional parameters which will help insure lower systems costs ,without sacrificing quality. ORAÕs work in cost-modeling has evolved over thirty years and has resulted in high performance, dominantly defense related hardware, with known margins that really can save money (over 75% in both cost and weight in some, deployable-optics, cases). We propose to utilize this information (much of it ORA Proprietary) as a base, and to modify and extend it in such a way as to develop deliverable higher-level anchored algorithms that will allow relatively painless/closely-coupled costs trades to be performed. Much of the raw data would remain ORA Proprietary, but the results/algorithms, and selected anchor points, would be provided for Government use. In future Phases we would further automate this process, extend it to deeper levels of system decomposition, and convert these algorithms to tools/module(s) which would eventually become available/leaseable through ORAÕs defacto industry standard/proprietary CodeV¨ and/or LightTools¨ Optical/Opto-Mechanical Engineering Software.

There is a strong need to quantify cost implications early-on in nearly all optical systems. ORA is heavily involved in commercial work where the market is literally in the $B range. Here ÒmarketÓ size is meant in an OEM sense, and is dominantly optics based. Values can double when opto-mechanical hardware is included. Assuming 10% of these systems can benefit to the tune of 10%, the implication is that many $MÕs of dollars could be saved if the methods proposed were readily available.

Mark A. Kahan
Optical Research Associates
945 Concord Streeet
Framingham, MA 01701

Optical Research Associates
3280 East Foothill Blvd
Pasadena, CA 91701

PROJECT TITLE : Lightweight Carbon Fiber Composite Mirror Fabrication Using Advanced Core Technology

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Plans for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), as well as many other large optical instruments, require larger, lightweight, thermally stable optics than currently exist. As the requirements for greater resolution and light gathering ability increase, so do the aperture and weight of an optical sensor. It is proposed that a mirror constructed with carbon fiber reinforced cyanate ester facesheets and core can meet all of these requirements. The facesheets and core must be designed using very high modulus, thin facesheets, and a stable and uniform core structure. It will be demonstrated that a micro thin, secondarily replicated metal surface over a facesheet less than 0.060" thick and a core structure consisting of less than 0.010" thick laminated CFRP that has been segmented and cellularized will weigh less than 6 kg/m2 and remain stable with negligible core print through over a wide temperature range.

Lightweight, thermally stable optics for aircraft and satellite sensors.

HAROLD R. CLARK
COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : High Precision Fabrication Methods

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The objective of this Phase I SBIR is to develop graphite based tooling methods that replace current tooling methods (glass) as a means of High Precision Mirror Substrate Fabrication. If successful, this tooling approach could demonstrate significant cost and schedule savings for larger aperture mirrors (e.g. NGST, LIDAR, etc.).

The goal is to design and fabricate tooling that meet the following minimum surface criteria:
surface figure RMS of l/20 (l = 0.6328 micron)
surface roughness of 20 Angstroms or less

Successful execution of this project would lead to cost and schedule benefits over a wide variety of space based products and programs. Recognized savings are expected to be on the order of 30% to 50% of current tooling methods. The benefits to the 3 - 4M class optics are evident but the technology is also applicable to other high precision mirror programs, as well as IR reflector fabrication (e.g. MLS).

DANIEL KEANE
COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : Evaluation of Barrier Coatings that minimize hygroscopic change of ultra high modulus carbon reinforced cyanate ester resins

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

A selected ultra high modulus carbon filament reinforced cyanate ester resin composite will be the base material for testing of hygroscopic masking by organic and inorganic coatings. The candidate coating will be applied to the exterior surface of the cyanate ester composite and be subjected to a series of tests to determine the quality of hygroscopic masking.

Coefficient of moisture expansion issues, to date, limit the use of carbon reinforced cyanate ester resins in the manufacture of electronic dimensionally stable structures; i.e., optical benches, metering structures and mirror substrates as well as components in the sub 0.001" accuracy range. Should this investigation yield coating materials that provide CME stability beyond existing ranges, both the aforementioned stable structures applications and electronic packaging would benefit. The electronic packaging industry could design and manufacture equipment and environments that enable it to achieve manufacturing tolerances beyond that already achievable thus providing further weight and size reduction in their products. The impact to space, military, and commercial science projects, will be significant as well.

FRANK LARY
COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

PROJECT TITLE : Multi-point in-situ profiling of large aspherics

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The innovation is a new approach for measuring the surface figure of large aspheric optical surfaces. Our approach is an optical profiler using multiple sensors in an innovative configuration to achieve self-referencing operation. The sensors are mounted together on a rigid, common turntable. As we impart a compound rotary motion to the turntable (one motion rotates the sensors about a common axis, and the second motion rotates this center of rotation about the center of the test piece), we simultaneously measure the proximity of the optical surface from each sensor. The result, after sophisticated analysis, is a map of the surface asphericity. The measured surface map is independent of any small rigid body motions of the sensor framework (vibrations, wobbles, etc.), and does not rely on any reference surface. Other important features include small size - the instrument is comparable in size to the optic being tested, rather than to its radius of curvature (which can be many times larger than the optic itself). Also, it is equally applicable to convex and concave surfaces, and there is essentially no limitation on the speed (F-number) of the test piece. These are important advantages over approaches such as interferometers and Hartmann testers, and allow in-situ testing. Potential NASA applications include measurement of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) primary and secondary mirror surfaces.

An instrument derived from the currently proposed project would be capable of measuring surface figure of large and small aspheres, and would therefore be of great interest to much of the precision optics community. One important application is soft X-ray projection lithography, where absolute profiling of very smooth aspheres is critical. Thus, this project would be of interest both to the commercial optics and semiconductor manufacturing communities.

Paul Glenn,
Bauer Associates, Inc.
888 Worcester Street, Suite 30,
Wellesley, MA 02181

Bauer Associates, Inc.
888 Worcester Street,
Suite 30, Wellesley, MA 02181

PROJECT TITLE : Low Temperature Deformable Mirror Technology

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Xinetics proposes to demonstrate in this program the technology for cryogenic temperature (30K) deformable mirrors (DM) for use in correcting the optical wavefront of a large cold telescope. It offers a revolutionary development in electroceramic materials which is to the 30 to 50 (K regime what Lead-Magnesium-Niobate (PMN) is to the 280 to 300 (K regime. The active element is an analog of (PMN), the electrostrictive material used in all of Xinetics commercial room temperature deformable mirrors. During Phase I, we intend to confirm and extend the cryogenic response data for various candidate materials, use these in our models to predict actuator and DM performance, and develop a baseline design and fabrication approach for the cryogenic DM. At the same time, we will evaluate the alternative designs for the low temperature amplifiers and switching electronics required for efficient operation of the DMs.

At the end of Phase I, we will be ready to embark upon a Phase II demonstration, starting with low temperature actuators for evaluation in a NASA facility, and concluding with an operating cryogenic DM.

Deformable mirrors for general amateur and professional observatory use, at all nighttime temperatures without special thermal control. Precision alignment of devices in thermal vacuum chambers at all temperatures. Enhanced optical stability of cryogenic structures using the new generation electroceramic to provide subnanometer control.

Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road #A6
Littleton, MA 01460

Xinetics, Inc.
410 Great Road #A6
Littleton, MA 01460

PROJECT TITLE : Superconducting Non-contact Astuators

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Phase I SBIR will establish the feasibility of a new class of non-contact actuators which employ high temperature super conducting materials to control the position of small low mass objects such as mirror segments. Phase I efforts include design analyses and parametric trade studies, laboratory testing, and fabrication of a proof-of-concept demonstrator. It is anticipated that this technology would be particularly relevant to future NASA missions such as that of the NGST in that it creates a new approach to control of active optic elements which must be maintained at mirror temperatures below 40¡K. This technology may also provide new capabilities to cryogenically operated micro gravity experiments and even certain classes of earth based experiments as well.

Cryogenic vibration isolation platform, and space based laser communications beam steering mirrors are two possible commercial applications for the proposed technology.

Gregory H. Ames
Blue Line Engineering Co.
711 South Tejon Street, Suite 202B
Colorado Springs, CO 80903

Blue Line Engineering Co.
711 South Tejon Street, Suite 202B
Colorado Springs, CO 80903

PROJECT TITLE : Lightweight, low power actuators for space-borne adaptive optics systems

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The Next Generation Space Telescope will require an order of magnitude higher sensitivity and resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. To achieve this increased performance, the NGST will require innovative lightweight designs for adaptive optics. Light-weight, low power actuators are required for the deformable mirrors to be used to correct image distortion. Energen proposes to develop actuators for use in space-borne applications and to demonstrate their use in a deformable mirror system. The actuators are based on cryogenic magnetostrictive materials and superconducting coils. These type of actuators have been demonstrated in a sonar system for the U. S. Navy operating at frequencies as high as 520 Hz. Magnetostrictive actuators have advantages over piezoelectric actuators because of ability to hold position without relaxation and low voltage operation. Cryogenic magnetostrictors have strain capabilities of 6300 ppm with very high force capabilities. They are able to both push and pull. When combined with high current density superconducting coils, the resulting actuators provide very precise postioning capability with very low power dissipation. Energen's innovative design for the deformable mirror assembly make efficient use of the magnetostrictive material and superconducting coils to reduce system weight.

Magnetostrictive actuators have application to active vibration control in machine tools, vehicular systems, and other vibration sensitive applications. Commercial aircraft could use these actuators to change the camber of wings thereby changing the lift-drag characteristics to adapt to changing flight conditions. Magnetostrictive actuators can be used in cryogenic systems to provide detachable thermal links, and as precision valve actuators.

Dr. Chad H. Joshi, P. E.
Energen, Inc.
7 Riverside Ave.
Bedford, MA 01730

Dr. Chad H. Joshi, P. E.
Energen, Inc.
7 Riverside Ave.
Bedford, MA 01730

PROJECT TITLE : : Thallium-Based Photodiode Arrays and Cameras for 1.0 - 12.0 mm

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose to develop photodetector arrays for the 1.0 to 12.0 um spectral region based on alloys of thallium indium gallium phosphide (TlInGaP) which are lattice-matched to InP. In Phase I we will use gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) to determine the growth conditions for high-quality single-crystal alloys of this material. Lattice-parameter, energy bandgap, and carrier concentrations will be measured on materials having 0-10% thallium. A simple p/n junction will also be constructed and characterized. In Phase II, we will finish the materials optimization, completely characterize the electro-optical properties of these alloys and fabricate and deliver photodetector linear photodetector arrays up to 512 elements and a 128 x 128 element focal plane array camera, based on our commercial camera. Prof. Stephen Forrest (Princeton University) will consult on the project.

A new class of materials for the 1.0 - 12.0 mm near-, mid- and long-wave infrared bands. Both emitters and detectors could be made over this entire spectrum, using only one substrate and one alloy. This would reduce cost 5-10X, allow monolithic integration (with conventional InP/InGaAs) of readout electronics for imaging devices and open a commercial market for us estimated at $5-10 million within three years.

Dr. Gregory H. Olsen
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1, Building 12
Princeton, NJ 08540

Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1, Building 12
Princeton, NJ 08540

PROJECT TITLE : Tunable Single Frequency CW IR 1.4 - 4.5 mm Laser Source

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Lightwave Electronics Corporation proposes to develop technology for an all solid-state continuous wave very precisely tunable single frequency infrared laser source. This source will consist of a Lightwave single frequency non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) as a pump for a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

Lightwave has recently demonstrated a PPLN based singly resonant OPO which produced 3.5 watts of continuous wave output at 3.25 mm. This demonstrated system was pumped by a multiple longitudinal mode high powered diode pumped solid state laser with a linewidth of 0.1 cm-1. The non-resonant OPO output also had this same linewidth. For this proposal, we will develop a singly resonant OPO which can be pumped by a Lightwave NPRO. The NPRO is the industry standard for narrow linewidth, low noise lasers. This proposal will allow this precise frequency standard to be extended to the 1.4 to 4.5 mm wavelength region of the IR at powers in excess of 0.10 Watts.

The tunable source could be very compact and rugged and yet precisely tunable via thermal or voltage techniques allowing it to be locked to a particular transition of a gaseous molecular species or to allow small but rapid frequency dithering. Such a device would have applications in atmospheric chemistry and remote sensing of light hydrocarbons either as a direct source or a seed for a larger slave system.

In this proposal, techniques will be developed and demonstrated which will reduce the threshold of a singly resonant OPO to a level where a one watt NPRO can effectively pump it. In addition, precise tuning procedures will also be developed and demonstrated which convert the excellent frequency characteristics of the NPRO to the OPO output.

Applied spectroscopy both in the scientific and commercial markets can be addressed with systems based upon this technology. For example, light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, etc. exhibit strong absorption features in the 3.1 - 3.6 spectral range.

Dr. Walter Bosenberg
Lightwave Electronics
1161 San Antonio Road
Mountain View, CA 94043

PROJECT TITLE : : Tunable, Variable Bandpass, Holographic Optical Filter

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

This Small Business Innovation Research phase I project aims to develop and produce a fast tunable and variable bandpass optical holographic optical filter for radiometer imaging. Holographic Optics, Inc. proposes to develop techniques which will make existing holographic recording materials tunable by inducing dimensional changes in the grating structures of the holographic filter. Changing the grating spacing the frequency response will shift to lower wavelengths. And by tuning simultaneously two or more of these grating structures a spectral window of variable bandpass will be obtained in real time. Some advantages of holographic filters include polarization independence, high efficiency, narrow bandwidth, high transparency, wide spectral range and multiple wavelength capability. Additionally, they can be mass produced cost effectively. This research aims to retain these desirable characteristics while adding the tunability feature.

The proposed research will lead to a fast tunable and variable bandpass optical filter which can be used in application such as high capacity optical communications systems, optical measurements instruments, filters for agile lasers protection, and new display technologies.

Jos? R. Magari¤os City/State/Zip
Holographic Optics, Inc.
358 Saw Mill River Road
Millwood, NY 10546

Holographic Optics, Inc.
358 Saw Mill River Road
Millwood, NY 10546

PROJECT TITLE : A Compact LWC and Drop Sizing Instrument for RPA and Tethered Balloons

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Small, lightweight instruments that can be autonomously operated on remotely piloted vehicles and tethered balloons are needed for reliable, long-duration measurements of cloud properties. Under DoD Army SBIR funding, SPEC recently developed a new optical instrument which makes reliable measurements of cloud liquid water content and drop size spectra from 2 - 200 (m in diameter. The new instrument, called an automatic cloud spectrometer (ACS), was tested under severe icing conditions at the Mt. Washington Observatory. The ACS makes reliable, autonomous measurements for extended periods. An airborne version of the probe, called a cloud drop spectrometer (CDS), was also tested on a research aircraft and measurements of liquid water content and drop size spectra compared very well with theoretical values in adiabatic cloud parcels. In Phase I, we propose to investigate new technologies for drastically reducing the size, weight and power consumption of the CDS. In particular, the mechanical components will be molded from carbon fiber composites, glass lenses will be replaced with plastic and dedicated, surface-mount electronics with digital signal processors will replace the existing computer. In Phase II, we will build a prototype instrument and flight test it on a research aircraft and a tethered balloon.

A compact, lightweight instrument that can be used on a remotely piloted vehicle or tethered balloon for long-duration measurements of cloud properties will be valuable for several military and government programs (e.g., DOE GAtmospheric Radiation Program, the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) and others). In Industry, the device has enormous potential for measuring combustible fuel, agricultural and paint sprays.

R. Paul Lawson, Ph.D.
SPEC, Inc.
5401 Western Avenue, Suite B
Boulder, CO 80301

SPEC, Inc.
5401 Western Avenue, Suite B
Boulder, CO 80301

PROJECT TITLE : AUTONOMOUS DRIFTING OCEAN STATION (ADOS)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Low-cost drifter platforms can be used to gather an enhanced suite of data that is essential for integrating present and future satellite measurements of biological and physical processes with in situ observations. It is proposed to design, field-test and commercially manufacture a novel biological irradiance sensor system and a novel thermistor data-chain for these drifters, and to integrate these new sensors with existing sensors into an AUTONOMOUS DRIFTING OCEAN STATION (ADOS). Phase I will develop new sensor designs which will produce one working model of a bio-optical sensor, and detailed plans for building the thermistor data-chain. Also, a planning document will be developed for integration of the new sensors with existing drifter sensors, field testing, and data products formats. ADOS will measure the biological response of the upper ocean to physical forcing and this response can be compared to that computed from the combined measurements from different satellites which sample the surface of the ocean on different space scales and at different times. ADOS has also broad use in observations in both climate and operational ocean sciences.

ADOS will provide Clearwater Instrumentation with a new drifter having expanded capabilities addressing observational requirements of the oceanographic community which have not existed previously. It will be useful to oceanographers observing the ocean from space and for those requiring ocean drifters to observe light and surface thermal structure. ADOS has the potential to build upon our strong business base in universities and government centers in research and applied science such as fisheries biology, both in the United States and abroad. We also expect ADOS to play a particularly important role in expanding our markets because it offers the research and observational communities a multi-parameter observing system the products of which can be shared by many programs, thus decreasing costs to each programs.

W. Gary Williams,
Clearwater Instrumentation, Inc.,
304 Pleasant St. Watertown, MA 02172

Clearwater Instrumentation, Inc.,
304 Pleasant Street, Watertown, MA 02172

PROJECT TITLE : Nomadic Exploration Marine Observatory (NEMO)

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

Jackson and Tull, Chartered Engineers, in conjunction with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution proposes to develop an inexpensive, aircraft or ship deployable Nomadic Exploration Marine Observatory (NEMO), a drifting buoy system for in situ measurement of upper ocean and lower atmosphere properties in support of the MTPE program. NEMO will utilize innovations developed by the J&T/WHOI team for its Modular Offshore Data Acquisition System, a 1995 NASA STTR funded project, including the autonomous data system and two-way satellite communications system. The innovative combination of LEO satellite communications capability plus the incorporation of GPS location data on a buoy makes a drifting buoy truly viable for the first time. We will also study how the use of aircraft or ships of opportunity to deploy NEMO could result in cost savings over current deployment methods. In addition, we will consider approaches to closely integrating sensors with the data system, utilizing a smaller buoy platform, and innovative packaging to further reduce the expense of NEMO. The combination of these innovations will result in a significant reduction in the cost of drifting buoys such that a more extensive deployment of buoys gathering MTPE data will be possible.

Such a system, cost effectively deployed by air or ship, would provide a unique means of contributing to oil spill control and more effective storm monitoring. The fishing industry could utilize phytoplankton data collected to direct their sea going resources more efficiently. Whale migration patterns and subsequent population monitoring could be aided. The pollution monitoring capability of such a network of buoys would benefit both environmental groups and industry. The advanced development and technological refinements made possible by this SBIR will enable J&T and WHOI to provide MTPE, the commercial sector, the Defense Department, environmental groups, and industry with a tailor-made system designed to meet their needs.

Jackson and Tull, Chartered Engineers
7375 Executive Place, Suite 200
Seabrook, MD 20706

Jackson and Tull, Chartered Engineers
7375 Executive Place, Suite 200
Seabrook, MD 20706

PROJECT TITLE : Commercial Software for Fusion of Fine Resolution Optical and SAR Imagery

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

One of the most challenging of the important topics concerning the exploitation of high resolution imagery from satellites is the derivation of height information. By themselves, high resolution optical sensors are often daunted in this quest by cloud cover which impedes their ability to collect images with temporal proximity, avoiding the confusion created by seasonal change. These sensors are also limited in their ability to resolve or remove the vegetation canopy effect. A solution is to take advantage of the recent proliferation of high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, that bring wavelengths capable of dealing with both the cloud and canopy challenge. Although processing systems and software exist to exploit electro-optical (EO) and SAR sensors independently, combined methods and systems to fuse these powerful sensors do not exist. The proposed effort joins companies with eminent capabilities in each of these areas, User Systems, Inc. for SAR and SAIC for the Optical sensors. We have worked together for over a decade on similar projects, and we will develop the methods and software to gain maximum benefit from the fusion of these two important sensors.

The need for accurate height information has increased in recent years to support the ever expanding amount of digital photography. DEM databases are not currently available to meet the prescribed accuracy. This need is so great that the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) is considering a project to fly an interferometric radar on the space shuttle and the Lockheed-Martin corporation has conceived a similar radar mapping mission of the entire U S. These missions, if they proceed, are many years away. Rich databases already exist to use optical and radar imagery to obtain height information, what is lacking is a method of deriving the necessary height information through fusion of both optical and SAR imagery. There are a host of commercial users in the resource management and utilization arena (oil and gas, geothermal, forests, watersheds, etc.). Other potential customers include the emerging commercial ventures that aim to produce high resolution imagery from space, Space Imaging, EarthWatch and companies that produce image analysis software such as ERDAS.

Samuel Walter McCandless, Jr.,
User Systems, Incorporated
8195 Windward Key Dr. Chesapeake Beach, MD 20732

User Systems, Incorporated
1108 Red Harvest Road, Gambrills MD 21054

PROJECT TITLE : LOCAL ACCESS TO, DISCOVERY, AND INTEGRATION OF MTPE DATA

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

The technical goal is devising a framework for automatically incorporating MTPE and high-resolution, remotely sensed data holdings into legally mandated local and regional decision-support applications, achieved through MTPE-compatible cataloguing, discovery, and algorithm execution techniques. Technical innovation includes prototyping a standards-based distributed environment capable of representing generalized hierarchical knowledge and chains of ruleset "sovereignty," such that decision support workflows can be specific to a location, and can find the appropriate data (MTPE and other) and algorithms, and execute the appropriate algorithms automatically at run-time. By extending the semantics of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol and implementing a server to encompass the concept of attributes being "inside" a generalized boundary, the full power of the protocol can be exploited for applications which correspond to nested geographic boundaries of political/administrative "sovereignty." Additionally, the semantics for JAVA(tm)-based algorithm entries will be developed, whereby the input/output type attributes can spawn recursive queries. Further research proposes incorporating this mechanism into the overall CEOS Interoperability Protocol and the emerging OpenGIS catalogue/query services. Specific land use applications are used to evaluate the overall approach. This effort prototypes the previously described server, and evaluates and cost-estimates the overall framework against local/regional applications in precision agriculture and land use planning.

Consistent with subtopic 12.03, the project goal is intelligent, automated commercial access to MTPE data through innovations in Internet-compatible data acquisition, data discovery and combined data set applications. Improved MTPE data access is sought for local/regional scale applications, where MTPE data may be combined with commercial high resolution, on-line, local/regional data. Technical innovations include the design of a "Distributed Directory" employing global and local/regional data access, enabled by new Protocol Adaptor subsystems. For MTPE data access, new spatial extensions are created for the X.500 Directory Access Protocol and its derivative Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). Further innovation is proposed to devise a catalogue of global-to-local/regional applications tools in the Distributed Directory, the first of which explores data discovery mechanisms. Precision Farming of Cotton and Coastal Zone Land Use are applications used to evaluate potential MTPE-local/regional access, data discovery and data integration requirements. Phase I results include a technical and cost feasibility analysis of commercial access to MTPE data for local/regional applications; Version 1 of a spatial extension query for LDAP; initial Distributed Directory design, including access, data discovery, and key applications requirements analysis; and, a detailed development and implementation strategy for Phase II.

Christopher G. Nicholas
Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation
2550 Garcia Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043

Hammon, Jensen, Wallen & Associates, Inc.
8407 Edgewater Drive
Oakland, CA 94621

PROJECT TITLE : Distortion fusion of ground-based radar and satellite-based rainfall data

TECHNICAL ABSTRACT (LIMIT 200 WORDS)

We propose integrating estimates of rainfall from both ground-based radar and satellite microwave radiometers through the use of a distortion data fusion. The distortion representation of relative differences in coincident estimates is composed of a displacement and an amplitude component. The amplitude component calibrates the satellite estimate, whereas the displacement component corrects geolocation differences between the radar and satellite data. Additionally, the distortion representation enables seamless matching of the disparate spatial resolutions. The proposed application of the distortion technique to the integration of satellite- and ground-based radar rainfall estimates will be useful both for validating and calibrating satellite rainfall algorithms and for producing merged rainfall maps. The merged data sets will have a greater commercial utility than either source data set by itself. The project objectives are to develop, test and tune the data fusion algorithms. The results of the project will be an algorithm to fuse disparate data types, simultaneously providing a degree of automatic geolocation and calibra